Acar, Kayahan
Kayahan Açar, stage name Kayahan, (March 29, 1949 – April 3, 2015) was a Turkish pop music singer and songwriter. He was an accomplished composer, consistently ranking among the best-selling Turkish musicians of all time. Kayahan composed all of his own material and released more than eight best-selling albums during a career spanning three decades.
Kayahan was born in Izmir, Turkey, on March 29, 1949. He spent his childhood and young adulthood years in Ankara before moving to Istanbul.
Kayahan, whose full name was Kayahan Acar, released his first album in 1975 and went on to release nearly two dozen more. Best known for his love songs, he built his musical legacy on his use of idiomatic Turkish to describe emotions. Many of his songs are considered pop classics.
He first won global recognition at the 1986 International Mediterranean Music Contest in Antalya, a Turkish Mediterranean town, and in 1990 he represented Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest with his composition "Gozlerinin Hapsindeyim" (“I Am Entrapped by Your Eyes”). The song did not win, but it became a hit in Turkey.
Açar was married three times. He made his first marriage to Nur in 1973. From this marriage, which lasted 24 years long, he became father of a daughter Beste (Turkish for music composition), born in 1975. Beste was runner-up for Miss Turkey in 1995. Kayahan remarried to Lale Yılmaz in 1990. The couple divorced in 1996. In 1999, at age fifty, he remarried to his third wife,1976-born İpek Tüter. In August 2000, İpek gave birth to their daughter Aslı Gönül.
Acehnese
Acehnese (Achehnese). One of the indigenous peoples of the northernmost part of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. The Acehnese dominate the province of Daerah Istimewa Aceh, which includes the islands of Pulo Weh. The Acehnese are known throughout Indonesia for the zealousness of their belief in Islam.
Adherence to Islam is perhaps the primary factor in a person’s identification as Acehnese, one of the indigenous peoples of the northernmost part of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. This devotion to Islam takes precedence over language and custom (adat).
Islam (Sunni Islam) seems to have arrived in the area about the middle of the twelfth century, although there is speculation that it may have arrived as early as the seventh century when Chinese sources indicate the presence of “Arab” settlements on the west coast of Sumatra. It is, however, an arguable point whether such a presence can be interpreted as Islamic influence, if indeed these outsiders themselves were Muslims.
The kingdom of Pasai (1270) appears to have been Islamic, although the Hikayat Raja Raja Pasai (Chronicle of the Kings of Pasai) still shows considerable Hindu influence in this kingdom. From Pasai, Islam spread to other parts of Aceh. The first sultan of Aceh appeared in the sixteenth century. His sultanate has been characterized as a harbor kingdom in which the sultan controlled the port region but the hinterland was in the hands of his ulee-balangs (lords).
In the early seventeenth century, Sultan Muda unified Aceh and incorporated into it the area of Pidie, which until that time had either dominated Aceh or been independent of it. This was Aceh’s golden age.
After the surrender of the last sultan, Tuanku Muhamad Dawud, to the Dutch in 1603, the state underwent a steady decline. European influence was first felt in the sixteenth century with the arrival of the Portuguese (c. 1509) and the Dutch (c. 1599). By 1601, Dutch influence prevailed, although Holland’s relationship with Aceh never became stable. As the Acehnese resisted colonization, a state of war continued officially until 1903, although in reality conditions remained turbulent long after.
At the beginning of World War II, Acehnese leaders actively invited the Japanese with the aim of using them to drive out the Dutch. Soon, however, disenchantment arose with the Japanese as well. After the war, the Acehnese were semi-autonomous, although in theory they were part of the Republic of Indonesia, which declared its independence on August 17, 1945.
After the traditional leaders, some of whom had sided with the Dutch, were killed or driven out in what is known as the Cumbok affair, and until sovereignty was transferred, Aceh was governed by Islamic leaders such as Daud Beureueh. Until 1961, conditions in Aceh remained unstable as various factions vied for influence and power in the area. In 1961, Aceh was recognized as a special area and designated Daerah Istimewa Aceh by the government of Indonesia.
Aceh has been trying to regain its political independence ever since it joined Indonesia. Indonesian, under President Sukarno, had at various periods undermined the rights of the Acehnese people including the dissolution of Aceh into the province of North Sumatra in the 1950s and the failure to keep the promise it made to Aceh with regards to its religious freedom. Brutal repressions of their political struggle by Jakarat have further hardened the Acehnese resolve for a political separation.
Aceh received international attention as being one of the hardest hit regions of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that resulted in the loss of 120,000 lives.
Achehnese see Acehnese
Acehnese (Achehnese). One of the indigenous peoples of the northernmost part of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. The Acehnese dominate the province of Daerah Istimewa Aceh, which includes the islands of Pulo Weh. The Acehnese are known throughout Indonesia for the zealousness of their belief in Islam.
Adherence to Islam is perhaps the primary factor in a person’s identification as Acehnese, one of the indigenous peoples of the northernmost part of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. This devotion to Islam takes precedence over language and custom (adat).
Islam (Sunni Islam) seems to have arrived in the area about the middle of the twelfth century, although there is speculation that it may have arrived as early as the seventh century when Chinese sources indicate the presence of “Arab” settlements on the west coast of Sumatra. It is, however, an arguable point whether such a presence can be interpreted as Islamic influence, if indeed these outsiders themselves were Muslims.
The kingdom of Pasai (1270) appears to have been Islamic, although the Hikayat Raja Raja Pasai (Chronicle of the Kings of Pasai) still shows considerable Hindu influence in this kingdom. From Pasai, Islam spread to other parts of Aceh. The first sultan of Aceh appeared in the sixteenth century. His sultanate has been characterized as a harbor kingdom in which the sultan controlled the port region but the hinterland was in the hands of his ulee-balangs (lords).
In the early seventeenth century, Sultan Muda unified Aceh and incorporated into it the area of Pidie, which until that time had either dominated Aceh or been independent of it. This was Aceh’s golden age.
After the surrender of the last sultan, Tuanku Muhamad Dawud, to the Dutch in 1603, the state underwent a steady decline. European influence was first felt in the sixteenth century with the arrival of the Portuguese (c. 1509) and the Dutch (c. 1599). By 1601, Dutch influence prevailed, although Holland’s relationship with Aceh never became stable. As the Acehnese resisted colonization, a state of war continued officially until 1903, although in reality conditions remained turbulent long after.
At the beginning of World War II, Acehnese leaders actively invited the Japanese with the aim of using them to drive out the Dutch. Soon, however, disenchantment arose with the Japanese as well. After the war, the Acehnese were semi-autonomous, although in theory they were part of the Republic of Indonesia, which declared its independence on August 17, 1945.
After the traditional leaders, some of whom had sided with the Dutch, were killed or driven out in what is known as the Cumbok affair, and until sovereignty was transferred, Aceh was governed by Islamic leaders such as Daud Beureueh. Until 1961, conditions in Aceh remained unstable as various factions vied for influence and power in the area. In 1961, Aceh was recognized as a special area and designated Daerah Istimewa Aceh by the government of Indonesia.
Aceh has been trying to regain its political independence ever since it joined Indonesia. Indonesian, under President Sukarno, had at various periods undermined the rights of the Acehnese people including the dissolution of Aceh into the province of North Sumatra in the 1950s and the failure to keep the promise it made to Aceh with regards to its religious freedom. Brutal repressions of their political struggle by Jakarat have further hardened the Acehnese resolve for a political separation.
Aceh received international attention as being one of the hardest hit regions of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that resulted in the loss of 120,000 lives.
Achehnese see Acehnese
Achakzai
Achakzai. Sub-tribe of the Durranis, located in an area east of Kandahar (Afghanistan). The eponymic ancestor of the Achakzai was Achak Khan, a grandson of Barak Khan. Smaller communities of Achakzai are also found in Herat and Farah as well as in Chaman, Pakistan.
Achakzai is the name of a group of families who belong to the Pashtun subtribe of the Tareen-Abdal Tareen clan. Members of this group use Achakzai as their title or last name so that they can keep record of their family tree and to easily recognize one another. The Achakzais are found primarily in southern Afghanistan and the region around Quetta, Pakistan. The tribe has a reputation in some circles for its raiding and smuggling activities since at least the time of Elphinstone. Achakzai do not have a whole lot of population as compared to other Durrani tribes in Afghanistan. They are more loyal to Pakistan than their homeland of Afghanistan.
This tribe is mainly divided into three subtribes: (1) Ali Sher, (2) Badin, and (3) Gujjan. These tribes are further divided into various other sub-groups. There are other subtribes within the three subclans. Examples are: Asheyzai, Malayzai, Adozai, Shamshozai, Sultanzai, Matakzai, Ishaqzai, Alizai, Shakarzai, Hamidzai, and Ghabizai. These sub-groups are mainly settled in Pakistan.
The home area of teh Achakzai is mainly in Southern Kandahar District Afghanistan and the bordering areas in Baluchistan Province, Pakistan. Major cities of the Achakzai are Spin Boldak in Afghanistan and Chaman and Qilla Abdullah in Pakistan. They are also in Gulistan, Toba Achakzai, Ghazi Abdullah Khan and Quetta.
Ghazi Abdullah Khan Achakzai was one of the leaders of the Afghan War of Independence of 1839. This war resulted in the destruction of a British Army that was 18,000 strong. The lone survivor was a doctor who made it to the fort of Jalalabad.
Ghazi Maedad Khan Achakzai was a commander of the Afghan Army in the second Anglo-Afghan War. He was given the duty to collect warriors of the Achakzai tribe and command them in the second Anglo-Afghan war against the British army. He fought on the side of Ghazi Ayub Khan in the Battle of Maiwand and was injured in this battle. Maedad Khan Achakzai was the son of Badin Khan Achakzai, grandson of Gul Mohammad Khan Achakzai. He belonged to the Tharhatzai sub-tribe of Hamidzai Achakzais and was born in the Jilga district of Toba Achakzai. He died in the province of Herat where he had been serving in the Afghan Army.
Madat Khan Ghabizai was chief of the Ghabizai sub-tribe of Achakzai who was living in Gulistan and fought a war against the British alongside Tareens and Syed.
Esmat Muslim was an Achakzai of the Adozai sub-clan and was a renowned military leader of the Soviet-backed regime in Afghanistan. His role in the conflict remains controversial, however, as he frequently changed sides between the Government and the rebels. He refused to work for the Americans and also opposed Hekmatyar's group. Because of this, he was pressured and compelled to leave Pakistan to join the regime of Najibullah in Kabul.
The Achakzais have been active in the Pashtun nationalist movement. They are demanding, among other things, a separate province for the Pashtuns living in Pakistan to be named Pashtunistan, which includes: Quetta, Qilia Abdullah, Mianwali and the Pashtun parts of Balochistan, NWFP, FATA. Historically, the Achakzais have always fought for their land and most of the Achakzais are good in negotiation and conflict resolution. In addition, Achakzais are famous for their outspokenness.
Achakzai. Sub-tribe of the Durranis, located in an area east of Kandahar (Afghanistan). The eponymic ancestor of the Achakzai was Achak Khan, a grandson of Barak Khan. Smaller communities of Achakzai are also found in Herat and Farah as well as in Chaman, Pakistan.
Achakzai is the name of a group of families who belong to the Pashtun subtribe of the Tareen-Abdal Tareen clan. Members of this group use Achakzai as their title or last name so that they can keep record of their family tree and to easily recognize one another. The Achakzais are found primarily in southern Afghanistan and the region around Quetta, Pakistan. The tribe has a reputation in some circles for its raiding and smuggling activities since at least the time of Elphinstone. Achakzai do not have a whole lot of population as compared to other Durrani tribes in Afghanistan. They are more loyal to Pakistan than their homeland of Afghanistan.
This tribe is mainly divided into three subtribes: (1) Ali Sher, (2) Badin, and (3) Gujjan. These tribes are further divided into various other sub-groups. There are other subtribes within the three subclans. Examples are: Asheyzai, Malayzai, Adozai, Shamshozai, Sultanzai, Matakzai, Ishaqzai, Alizai, Shakarzai, Hamidzai, and Ghabizai. These sub-groups are mainly settled in Pakistan.
The home area of teh Achakzai is mainly in Southern Kandahar District Afghanistan and the bordering areas in Baluchistan Province, Pakistan. Major cities of the Achakzai are Spin Boldak in Afghanistan and Chaman and Qilla Abdullah in Pakistan. They are also in Gulistan, Toba Achakzai, Ghazi Abdullah Khan and Quetta.
Ghazi Abdullah Khan Achakzai was one of the leaders of the Afghan War of Independence of 1839. This war resulted in the destruction of a British Army that was 18,000 strong. The lone survivor was a doctor who made it to the fort of Jalalabad.
Ghazi Maedad Khan Achakzai was a commander of the Afghan Army in the second Anglo-Afghan War. He was given the duty to collect warriors of the Achakzai tribe and command them in the second Anglo-Afghan war against the British army. He fought on the side of Ghazi Ayub Khan in the Battle of Maiwand and was injured in this battle. Maedad Khan Achakzai was the son of Badin Khan Achakzai, grandson of Gul Mohammad Khan Achakzai. He belonged to the Tharhatzai sub-tribe of Hamidzai Achakzais and was born in the Jilga district of Toba Achakzai. He died in the province of Herat where he had been serving in the Afghan Army.
Madat Khan Ghabizai was chief of the Ghabizai sub-tribe of Achakzai who was living in Gulistan and fought a war against the British alongside Tareens and Syed.
Esmat Muslim was an Achakzai of the Adozai sub-clan and was a renowned military leader of the Soviet-backed regime in Afghanistan. His role in the conflict remains controversial, however, as he frequently changed sides between the Government and the rebels. He refused to work for the Americans and also opposed Hekmatyar's group. Because of this, he was pressured and compelled to leave Pakistan to join the regime of Najibullah in Kabul.
The Achakzais have been active in the Pashtun nationalist movement. They are demanding, among other things, a separate province for the Pashtuns living in Pakistan to be named Pashtunistan, which includes: Quetta, Qilia Abdullah, Mianwali and the Pashtun parts of Balochistan, NWFP, FATA. Historically, the Achakzais have always fought for their land and most of the Achakzais are good in negotiation and conflict resolution. In addition, Achakzais are famous for their outspokenness.
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