Wednesday, January 16, 2019

The Muslim Compendium: December 2020



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December 9

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Nadia Murad
2018 Nobel Peace Prize
b. 1993, Kocho, Sinjar, Iraq

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Nadia Murad is an Iraqi Yazidi human rights activist.  In 2014, she was kidnapped from her hometown of Kocho and held by the Islamic State for three months.  She was enslaved, beaten and raped by her captors.  In 2018, Nadia Murad of Iraq and Denis Mukwege of the Democratic Republic of the Congo were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict."  Nadia Murad is the first Iraqi and the first Yazidi to be awarded a Nobel Prize.

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In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly established December 9 as the International Day of Commemoration and Dignity of the Victims of the Crime of Genocide and of the Prevention of this Crime.  The purpose of the day is to raise awareness of the Genocide Convention and its role in combating and preventing the crime of genocide.

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December 10


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Ahmad Sirhindi Indian Islamic Scholar
The Mujaddid -- "The Reviver" -- of Islam in Mughal India
 b. June 26, 1564, Sirhind, Punjab Region, Mughal India 
 d. December 10 [27 Rabi' al-Thani], 1624

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Ahmad al-Faruqi al-Sirhindi was an Indian Islamic scholar, a Hanafi jurist, and a prominent member of the Naqshbandi Sufi order.  Ahmad Sirhindi has been described as a Mujaddid, meaning "the reviver", for his work in rejuvenating Islam and opposing the dissident opinions prevalent in the time of the Mughal emperor Akbar.

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December 11

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Naguib Mahfouz
1988 Nobel Prize in Literature
b. December 11, 1911, Cairo, Khedivate of Egypt
d. August 30, 2006, Cairo, Egypt

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Naguib Mahfouz was an Egyptian writer noted for his contributions to Arabic literature.  The 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Naguib Mahfouz "who, through works rich in nuance -- now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous -- has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind."  Naguib Mahfouz was the first Muslim writer to win a Nobel Prize in Literature.

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December 16
{1 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Wednesday
{yawm al-arbi‘a’ (the fourth day)}

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Jumada al-Awwal

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Jumada al-Awwal, also known as Jumada al-Ula, is the fifth month of the Islamic calendar.  The month spans 29 or 30 days. It was in the month of Jumada al-Awwal that the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II. 


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December 17
{2 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Thursday
{yawm al-khamis (the fifth day)}

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December 18
{3 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Friday
{yawm al-jum‘a (the day of congregation)}  

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December 19
{4 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Saturday
{yawm al-sabt (the day of rest)}

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December 20
{5 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Sunday
{yawm al-ahad (the first day)}

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The Birth of Zaynab bint 'Ali


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Zaynab bint 'Ali
The Daughter of 'Ali and Fatima 
b. October 2, 626 CE {5 Jumada al-Awwal, 5 AH}, Medina, Al-Hijaz, Arabian Peninsula
d. 62 AH, Damascus, Umayyad Empire

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Zaynab bint 'Ali was the daughter of the fourth caliph, and the first Shia Imam, 'Ali ibn Abi Talib and his wife Fatima bint Muhammad.
The Prophet Muhammad was Zaynab's maternal grandfather, and thus she is a member of his bayt -- his household.  Zaynab is revered not only for her admirable characteristics and actions, but also for her membership in, and continuation of, the biological line of Muhammad.  Like other members of her family, Zaynab became a great symbol of sacrifice, strength, and piety in Islam -- in the Sunni and Shia sects of the religion.  Zaynab married 'Abdullah ibn Ja'far, and had three sons and two daughters with him.  When her brother, Imam Al-Husain stood up against Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah in 680 CE (61 AH), Zaynab accompanied him.  She played an important role in protecting the life of her nephew, Imam 'Ali ibn al-Husayn, and because of her sacrifice and heroism, she became known as the "Heroine of Karbala".  Zaynab died in 681 CE and her Masjid is located in Damascus, Syria.


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December 21
{6 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Monday
{yawm al-ithnayn (the second day)}

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December 22
{7 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Tuesday
{yawm al-thulatha' (the third day)}

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December 23
{8 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Wednesday
{yawm al-arbi‘a’ (the fourth day)}
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December 24
{9 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Thursday
{yawm al-khamis (the fifth day)}

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December 25
{10 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Friday
{yawm al-jum‘a (the day of congregation)}  


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Anwar Sadat
1978 Nobel Peace Prize
b. December 25, 1918, Monufia, Sultanate of Egypt
d. October 7, 1981, Cairo, Egypt

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Anwar Sadat was the President of Egypt from 1970 to 1981. Anwar Sadat of Egypt, along with Menachem Begin of Israel, was awarded the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize "for their contribution to the two frame agreements on peace in the Middle East, and on peace between Egypt and Israel, which were signed at Camp David on September 17, 1978."  Anwar Sadat was the first Muslim to receive a Nobel Prize.


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December 26
{11 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Saturday
{yawm al-sabt (the day of rest)}

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December 27
{12 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Sunday
{yawm al-ahad (the first day)}

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The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji
Part One

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The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji was a peace treaty signed on July 21, 1774 {12 Jumada al-Awwal, 1188 AH}, in Kuchuk-Kainarji {Kucuk Kaynarca}.  Kuchuk-Kainarji is today known as Kaynardzha, Bulgaria.  The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji was between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.  Following the Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Kozludzha, the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74 and marked the defeat of the Ottomans in their struggle against Russia.  The treaty was a most humiliating blow to the once mighty Ottoman Empire.


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December 28
{13 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Monday
{yawm al-ithnayn (the second day)}

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The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji
Part Two

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Under the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji that was signed on July 21, 1774, Russia returned Wallachia and Moldavia to Ottoman control, but was given the right to protect Christians in the Ottoman Empire and to intervene in Wallachia and Moldavia in case of Ottoman misrule.  The northwestern part of Moldavia (which became known as Bukovina) was ceded to Austria in 1775.  Russia interpreted the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji as giving it the right to protect Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman Empire.  The Russians most notably exercised this right in the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia to intervene under the last Phanariote (Constantinople Greek) rulers and after the Greek War of Independence (1821-1830). 


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December 29
{14 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Tuesday
{yawm al-thulatha' (the third day)}

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The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji
Part Three

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The Ottoman-Russian War of 1768-74 opened the era of European preoccupation with the Eastern Question:  What would happen to the balance of power as the Ottoman Empire lost territory and collapsed?  The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji that was signed on July 21, 1774 would provide some of the answer.  After the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, the Ottoman Empire ceased to be an aggressive power.  The Ottoman Empire had terrified Christendom for over three hundred years.  However, from then on, the Ottoman Empire mainly fought defensive actions against the overwhelming might of Christian Europe.  The Habsburgs had been one of the Ottoman Empire's chief European foes, but by the middle of the 18th century, the czars of Russia had taken over the Habsburgs' fight against the Turks. 

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December 30
{15 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Wednesday
{yawm al-arbi‘a’ (the fourth day)}

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'Ali ibn Husayn
Fourth Shia Imam
b. c. January 4, 659 CE {15 Jumada al-Awwal, 36 AH}, Kufa, Iraq or Medina, Hijaz
d. October 20, 713 CE {25 Muharram 95 AH}, Medina, Umayyad Empire

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'Ali ibn Husayn, also known as Zayn al-Abidin (the adornment of the worshippers) or Imam al-Sajjad (the Prostrating Imam), was the fourth Shia Imam, after his father Husayn ibn 'Ali, his uncle Hasan ibn 'Ali, and his grandfather 'Ali ibn Abi Talib.  'Ali ibn Husayn survived the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE, after which he and other surviving family members and companions of Husayn were taken to Yazid I in Damascus.  Eventually, 'Ali ibn Husayn was allowed to return to Medina, where he led a secluded life with a few companions.  Under his role as Imam al-Sajjad, the life and statements of 'Ali ibn Husayn were entirely devoted to asceticism and religious teachings, mostly in the form of invocations and supplications.  His famous supplications are known as Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya.

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December 31
{16 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Thursday
{yawm al-khamis (the fifth day)}

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The Muslim Compendium: November 2020

The Muslim Compendium: October 2020

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October 2

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The Birth of Zaynab bint 'Ali


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Zaynab bint 'Ali
The Daughter of 'Ali and Fatima 
b. October 2, 626 CE {5 Jumada al-Awwal, 5 AH}, Medina, Al-Hijaz, Arabian Peninsula
d. 62 AH, Damascus, Umayyad Empire

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Zaynab bint 'Ali was the daughter of the fourth caliph, and the first Shia Imam, 'Ali ibn Abi Talib and his wife Fatima bint Muhammad.
The Prophet Muhammad was Zaynab's maternal grandfather, and thus she is a member of his bayt -- his household.  Zaynab is revered not only for her admirable characteristics and actions, but also for her membership in, and continuation of, the biological line of Muhammad.  Like other members of her family, Zaynab became a great symbol of sacrifice, strength, and piety in Islam -- in the Sunni and Shia sects of the religion.  Zaynab married 'Abdullah ibn Ja'far, and had three sons and two daughters with him.  When her brother, Imam Al-Husain stood up against Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah in 680 CE (61 AH), Zaynab accompanied him.  She played an important role in protecting the life of her nephew, Imam 'Ali ibn al-Husayn, and because of her sacrifice and heroism, she became known as the "Heroine of Karbala".  Zaynab died in 681 CE and her Masjid is located in Damascus, Syria.


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The Muslim Compendium: September 2020

'Ali ibn Abi Talib
Cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad
Fourth Rashidun Caliph
First Shia Imam
b. September 15, 601 (13 Rajab, 21 BH), Ka'ban, Mecca, Hijaz, Arabian Peninsula
d. January 29, 661 (21 Ramadan, 40 AH), Kufa, Mesopotamia, Rashidun Empire


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'Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad.  He ruled as the fourth caliph from 656 (35 AH) to 661 (40 AH), but is regarded as the rightful immediate successor to Muhammad as an Imam by Shia Muslims.

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Ali was the first male who accepted Islam and, arguably, the first Muslim.  Ali protected Muhammad from an early age and took part in almost all the battles fought by the nascent Muslim community.  After migrating to Medina, Ali married Muhammad's daughter Fatima.  He was appointed caliph by Muhammad's companions in 656 (35 AH), after Caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated.  Ali's reign saw civil wars and, in 661 (40 AH), he was attacked and assassinated by a Kharijite while he was praying in the Great Mosque of Kufa.


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Ali is important to both Shias and Sunnis, politically and spiritually.  The numerous biographical sources about Ali agree that he was a pious Muslim, devoted to the cause of Islam and a just ruler in accordance with the Qur'an and the Sunnah.  While Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided) caliphs.  Shia Muslims regard Ali as the first Imam after Muhammad.  Shia Muslims also believe that Ali and the other Shia imams (all of whom are of the household of Muhammad) are the rightful successors to Muhammad.  It was this disagreement that split the umma into Shia and Sunni branches.

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The Muslim Compendium: August 2020

The Muslim Compendium: July 2020

The Muslim Compendium: June 2020

The Muslim Compendium: May 2020

The Muslim Compendium: April 2020

The Muslim Compendium: March 2020

The Muslim Compendium: February 2020



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February 1
7 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Saturday
{yawm al-sabt (the day of rest)}

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Days of the Week

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The Arabic word for “day” is "yawm", and properly the name of each day is "yawm" plus the word from the list below (as, in English, Arabic appends “day” onto other words to create the names of the days: “Sun” + “day” = “Sunday,” etc.). However, you will often see "yawm" omitted and the days simply called by the names listed below:
  • Monday = al-ithnayn
  • Tuesday = al-thulatha'
  • Wednesday = al-arbiÊ¿aʾ
  • Thursday = al-khamis
  • Friday = al-jum'a
  • Saturday = al-sabt
  • Sunday = al-ahad
Other than Friday and Saturday, these names are derived from the cardinal numbers. So “Sunday” (al-ahad)  is literally “first day,” Monday (al-ithnayn)“second day,” and so on.
“Week” is "usbuÊ¿", from "sabaÊ¿" or “seven,” and “days of the week” is "ayam al-usbuÊ¿".

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February 2
8 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Sunday
{yawm al-ahad (the first day)}

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Rajab


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Rajab is the seventh month of the Islamic calendar.  The definition of "rajaba" is "to respect". "Rajab" is a derivative of "rajaba". The month of Rajab is regarded as one of the four sacred months in Islam in which battles are prohibited.  The pre-Islamic Arabs also considered warfare blasphemous during the four sacred months. Muslims believe Rajab is the month in which 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Imam of Shia Islam and the Fourth Caliph of Sunni Islam, was born inside the Kaaba, the most sacred place of worship for Muslims.  Rajab is also the month during which Isra' Mi'raj (Muhammad's night journey from Mecca to Jerusalem and then to heaven) takes place.  Rajab and Sha'ban are a prelude to the holy month of Ramadan.


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February 3
9 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Monday
{yawm al-ithnayn (the second day)}

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The Four Sacred Months

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The Four Sacred Months of Islam are Rajab, Ramadan, Dhu al-Qidah, and Dhu al-Hijjah.


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February 4
10 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Tuesday
{yawm al-thulatha' (the third day)}

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Sha'ban

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Sha'ban is the eighth month of the Islamic calendar.  Sha'ban is the month of "separation", separating the sacred months of Rajab and Ramadan. The fifteenth night of this month is known as the "Night of Records" (Laylat al-Bara'at). 


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February 5
11 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Wednesday
{yawm al-arbi‘a’ (the fourth day)}

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Ramadan


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Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and the month in which the Qur'an was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad.  Fasting during the month of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.  The month is spent by Muslims fasting during the daylight hours from dawn to sunset.  According to Islam, the Qur'an was sent down to the lowest heaven during this month, thus being prepared for gradual revelation by Jibreel (Gabriel) to Muhammad.  Therefore, Muhammad told his followers that the Gates of Heaven would be open for the entire month and the gates of Hell (Jahannam) would be closed.

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February 6
12 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Thursday
{yawm al-khamis (the fifth day)}

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Shawwal

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Shawwal is the tenth month of the Islamic calendar.  Shawwal means to "lift or carry", so named because a female camel normally would be carrying a fetus at this time of year.  The first day of Shawwal is Eid al-Fitr.  Some Muslims observe six days of fasting during Shawwal beginning the day after Eid al-Fitr since fasting is prohibited on this day.  These six days of fasting together with the Ramadan fasts, are equivalent to fasting all year round.  The reasoning behind this tradition is that a good deed in Islam is rewarded ten times, hence fasting 30 days during Ramadan and six days during Shawwal is equivalent to fasting the whole year in terms of reward.

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February 7
13 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Friday
{yawm al-jum‘a (the day of congregation)}

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Tawakel Karman


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 Tawakel Karman
2011 Nobel Peace Prize
b. February 7, 1979, Taiz Governorate, Yemen Arab Republic 

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Tawakel Karman is a human rights activist based in Yemen.  She was a prominent leader in the Arab Spring of 2011.
The 2011 Nobel Peace Prize was jointly given to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia, Leymah Gbowee of Liberia, and Tawakel Karman of Yemen "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work." Tawakel Karman was the first Arab woman and the first Yemeni to receive a Nobel Prize.


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February 8
14 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Saturday
{yawm al-sabt (the day of rest)}

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Dhu al-Qidah



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Dhu al-Qidah, also known as Dhu'l-Qa'dah or alternatively Zulqida, is the eleventh month in the Islamic calendar.  It is one of the four sacred months in Islam during which warfare is prohibited.


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February 9
15 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Sunday
{yawm al-ahad (the first day)}

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Dhu al-Hijjah

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Dhu al-Hijjah, also known as Zulhijja, is the twelfth and final month in the Islamic calendar.  It is a very sacred month in the Islamic calendar, one in which the Hajj -- the pilgrimage -- takes place as well as the Festival of Sacrifice.  "Dhu al-Hijjah" literally means "Possessor of the Pilgrimage" or "The Month of the Pilgrimage".  During this month Muslim pilgrims from all around the world congregate at Mecca to visit the Kaaba.  The Hajj -- one of the Five Pillars of Islam -- is performed on the eighth, ninth, and the tenth days of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah.


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February 10
16 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Monday
{yawm al-ithnayn (the second day)}

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Arabic Numbers
Part One

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The following is a list of the cardinal Arabic numbers from zero to ten:

0 = sifr
1 = wahid
2 = ithnan
3= thalatha
4 = arba'a
5 = khamsa
6 = sitta
7 = sa'ba
8 = thamaniya
9= tis'a
10 = 'ashar

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February 11
17 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Tuesday
{yawm al-thulatha' (the third day)}

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Arabic Numbers
Part Two

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The following are the cardinal Arabic numbers from 10 to 20:

10 = 'ashar 
11 = 'ahada 'ashar
12 = ithna 'ashar
13 = thalatha 'ashar
14 = arba'a 'ashar
15 = khamsa 'ashar 
16 = sitta 'ashar
17 = sab'a 'ashar
18 = thamaniya 'ashar
19 = tis'a 'ashar
20 = 'ishrun

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Forming numbers in Arabic is quite easy, from 13 to 19 you just place a number before ten for example, in English Arabic, 13 = three ten, instead of thirteen in English, 17 is seven ten in English Arabic.  From 21 to 99, one only needs to reverse the numbers and add the term "wa-" between the two numbers.  Thus, 36 would be six "wa-" thirty (or sitta wa-thalathun).  

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February 12
18 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Wednesday
{yawm al-arbi‘a’ (the fourth day)}

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Arabic Numbers
Part Three

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 "0" is "sifr" in Arabic.  The Arabic word "sifr" is the source for  the English word "cipher".

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February 13
19 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Thursday
{yawm al-khamis (the fifth day)}

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Arabic Numbers
Part Four

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The Arabic numbers for "11" and "12" are irregular.  Accordingly, one must remember how to write them individually as "'ahada 'ashar" for "11" and "ithna 'ashar" for "12".


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February 14
20 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Friday
{yawm al-jum‘a (the day of congregation)} 

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Mother's Day in Iran

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Fatima bint Muhammad (b. 615 CE {5 AH}, Mecca - d. August 18, 632 CE {3 Jumada al-Thani, 11 AH}) was the youngest daughter and, according to Shia Muslims, the only child of the Prophet Muhammad and Khadijah who lived to adulthood and, therefore, the only child of Muhammad and Khadijah to become part of Muhammad's household.  Fatima's husband was Ali, the last of the Rightly Guided (Rashidun) Caliphs.  Her uncle included Hasan and Husayn, the second and third Shia imams, respectively.  Fatima is the object of love and respect of Muslims, as she was the child closest to her father and supported him in his difficulties, was the supporter and loving caretaker of her own husband and children, and was the only child of Muhammad to have male children live beyond childhood, whose descendants are spread throughout the Islamic world and are known as Sayyids.  The 11th century dynasty ruling Egypt at the time of the Crusades, the Fatimids claimed descent from her. 

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Iranians celebrate Fatima's birth anniversary (20 Jumada al-Thani) as Mother's Day.  On this day, banners reading "Ya Fatemeah" ("O! Fatima") are displayed on government buildings, private buildings, public streets and car windows.

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February 15
21 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Saturday
{yawm al-sabt (the day of rest)}

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Arabic Numbers
Part Five

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In general, Arabic numbers standing alone are easy to use, or say.  However, there is some complexity associated with the numbers "3" to "10".  The numbers "3" to "10' have a unique rule of agreement with nouns known as "polarity".  Pursuant to "polarity", a numeral in the masculine gender should agree with a feminine referrer and vice versa.  Accordingly, the English phrase "three boys" would be "thalathatu awlaad" in Arabic.  The "thalathatu" in "thalathatu awlaad" is the feminine form of the number "3" which is used to describe the number of "boys"  -- the number of "awlaad".  The feminine form of the number "3" is "thalathat" but a "u" is added when the number is followed by another word.  Conversely, the English phrase "three girls" would be "thalathu banaat"  with the masculine form of the number "3" being "thalath" which is followed by the feminine "banaat" and connected to "banaat" by adding a connective "u" to read "thalathu banaat". 


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February 16
22 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Sunday
{yawm al-ahad (the first day)}


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Mahershala Ali

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Mahershala Ali
2018 Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture, Golden Globe Awards
2016 Best Supporting Actor, Academy Awards
2016 Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role, Screen Actors Guild Awards
2016 Best Supporting Actor in a Movie, Critics' Choice Awards
b. February 16, 1974, Oakland, California, United States

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Mahershalalhashbaz Ali, known professionally as Mahershala Ali, is an American actor. Ali began his career as a regular on television series such as 
Crossing Jordan and Threat Matrix, before his breakthrough role as Richard Tyler in the science fiction series The 4400.  For his performance as Juan in the drama film Moonlight (2016), Mahershala Ali received universal acclaim from critics and won the Academy Award, the Screen Actors Guild Award and the Critics' Choice Award for Best Supporting Actor, and also received Golden Globe and British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Award nominations.  Mahershala Ali's win at the 89th Academy Awards made him the first Muslim actor to win an Oscar for acting.


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February 17
23 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Monday
{yawm al-ithnayn (the second day)}

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Arabic Numbers
Part Six

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Cardinal numbers are the counting numbers. "1", "2", "3" and so on are cardinal numbers.  Ordinal numbers are numbers designating the place ("first", "second", "third") occupied by an item in an ordinal sequence.  Ordinal numbers in Arabic are almost like the cardinal numbers, with some exceptions for the numbers from "1" to "10", and a slight difference in the numbers from "11" and up.  Ordinal numbers in Arabic are like adjectives, so they have to take the masculine or feminine forms. 


Ordinal numbers in Arabic are almost like the cardinal numbers, with some exceptions in the numbers from 1 to 10, and a slight difference in numbers from 11 and up.
Note that ordinal numbers in Arabic are somehow like adjectives, so they have to take the masculine, or feminine form. 

First awwalula
Second = thanithaniyah
Third = thaliththalithah
Fourth = rabiÊ¿rabiÊ¿ah
Fifth = khamiskhamisah
Sixth = sadissadisah
Seventh = sabiÊ¿sabiÊ¿ah
Eighth = thaminthaminah
Ninth = tasiÊ¿tasiÊ¿ah
Tenth =ʿashirʿashirah

After 10 only the first number takes the feminine, for example 13th is thaleth achar for masculine, and thalethata achar for feminine, achar stays the same, the first half “thaleth” which means 3rd takes “a” in the feminine, and so does the rest of the ordinal number, except ten numbers like 20, 30, 40, 50, they look like cardinal numbers but they add “a” as a prefix for numbers starting with a consonant, for example: 70 = sab’un, 70th = asab’un (for both masculine and feminine), and they add “al” for ten numbers starting with a vowel, like: 40= arba’un, 40th = alarba’un.

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February 18
24 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Tuesday
{yawm al-thulatha' (the third day)}

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February 19
25 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Wednesday
{yawm al-arbi‘a’ (the fourth day)}

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February 20
26 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Thursday
{yawm al-khamis (the fifth day)}

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February 21
27 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Friday
{yawm al-jum‘a (the day of congregation)}
  
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February 22
28 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Saturday
{yawm al-sabt (the day of rest)}

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February 23
29 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Sunday
{yawm al-ahad (the first day)}

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February 24
30 Jumada al-Thani, 1441 AH
Monday
{yawm al-ithnayn (the second day)}

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February 25
1 Rajab, 1441 AH
Tuesday
{yawm al-thulatha' (the third day)}

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February 26
2 Rajab, 1441 AH
Wednesday
{yawm al-arbi‘a’ (the fourth day)}

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Ahmed Zewail

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Ahmed Zewail
1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
b. February 26, 1946, Damanhour, Egypt
d. August 2, 2016, Pasadena, California, United States

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Ahmed Zewail was an Egyptian chemist who is known as the "father of femtochemistry."  Femtochemistry is the area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales in order to study the very act of atoms within molecules (reactants) rearranging themselves to form new molecules. The 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Ahmed Zewail "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy."  Ahmed Zewail was the first Muslim chemist to be awarded the Nobel Prize and the second Muslim scientist.  The first Muslim scientist to be awarded the Nobel Prize was Mohammad Abdus Salam of Pakistan in 1979.



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February 27
3 Rajab, 1441 AH
Thursday
{yawm al-khamis (the fifth day)}

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February 28
4 Rajab, 1441 AH
Friday
{yawm al-jum‘a (the day of congregation)}
  
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February 29
5 Rajab, 1441 AH
Saturday
{yawm al-sabt (the day of rest)}

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