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December 9
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Nadia Murad
2018 Nobel Peace Prize
b. 1993, Kocho, Sinjar, Iraq
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Nadia Murad is an Iraqi Yazidi human rights activist. In 2014, she was kidnapped from her hometown of Kocho and held by the Islamic State for three months. She was enslaved, beaten and raped by her captors. In 2018, Nadia Murad of Iraq and Denis Mukwege of the Democratic Republic of the Congo were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict." Nadia Murad is the first Iraqi and the first Yazidi to be awarded a Nobel Prize.
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In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly established December 9 as the International Day of Commemoration and Dignity of the Victims of the Crime of Genocide and of the Prevention of this Crime. The purpose of the day is to raise awareness of the Genocide Convention and its role in combating and preventing the crime of genocide.
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December 10
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Ahmad Sirhindi Indian Islamic Scholar
The Mujaddid -- "The Reviver" -- of Islam in Mughal India
b. June 26, 1564, Sirhind, Punjab Region, Mughal India
d. December 10 [27 Rabi' al-Thani], 1624
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Ahmad al-Faruqi al-Sirhindi was an Indian Islamic scholar, a Hanafi jurist, and a prominent member of the Naqshbandi Sufi order. Ahmad Sirhindi has been described as a Mujaddid, meaning "the reviver", for his work in rejuvenating Islam and opposing the dissident opinions prevalent in the time of the Mughal emperor Akbar.
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December 11
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Naguib Mahfouz
1988 Nobel Prize in Literature
b. December 11, 1911, Cairo, Khedivate of Egypt
d. August 30, 2006, Cairo, Egypt
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Naguib Mahfouz was an Egyptian writer noted for his contributions to Arabic literature. The 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Naguib Mahfouz "who, through works rich in nuance -- now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous -- has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind." Naguib Mahfouz was the first Muslim writer to win a Nobel Prize in Literature.
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December 16
{1 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Wednesday
{yawm al-arbi‘a’ (the fourth day)}
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Jumada al-Awwal
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Jumada al-Awwal, also known as Jumada al-Ula, is the fifth month of the Islamic calendar. The month spans 29 or 30 days. It was in the month of Jumada al-Awwal that the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II.
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December 17
{2 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Thursday
{yawm al-khamis (the fifth day)}
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December 18
{3 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Friday
{yawm al-jum‘a (the day of congregation)}
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December 19
{4 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Saturday
{yawm al-sabt (the day of rest)}
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December 20
{5 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Sunday
{yawm al-ahad (the first day)}
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The Birth of Zaynab bint 'Ali
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Zaynab bint 'Ali
The Daughter of 'Ali and Fatima
b. October 2, 626 CE {5 Jumada al-Awwal, 5 AH}, Medina, Al-Hijaz, Arabian Peninsula
d. 62 AH, Damascus, Umayyad Empire
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Zaynab bint 'Ali was the daughter of the fourth caliph, and the first Shia Imam, 'Ali ibn Abi Talib and his wife Fatima bint Muhammad.
The Prophet Muhammad was Zaynab's maternal grandfather, and thus she is a member of his bayt -- his household. Zaynab is revered not only for her admirable characteristics and actions, but also for her membership in, and continuation of, the biological line of Muhammad. Like other members of her family, Zaynab became a great symbol of sacrifice, strength, and piety in Islam -- in the Sunni and Shia sects of the religion. Zaynab married 'Abdullah ibn Ja'far, and had three sons and two daughters with him. When her brother, Imam Al-Husain stood up against Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah in 680 CE (61 AH), Zaynab accompanied him. She played an important role in protecting the life of her nephew, Imam 'Ali ibn al-Husayn, and because of her sacrifice and heroism, she became known as the "Heroine of Karbala". Zaynab died in 681 CE and her Masjid is located in Damascus, Syria.
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December 21
{6 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Monday
{yawm al-ithnayn (the second day)}
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December 22
{7 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Tuesday
{yawm al-thulatha' (the third day)}
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December 23
{8 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Wednesday
{yawm al-arbi‘a’ (the fourth day)}
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December 24
{9 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Thursday
{yawm al-khamis (the fifth day)}
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December 25
{10 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Friday
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Friday
{yawm al-jum‘a (the day of congregation)}
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Anwar Sadat
1978 Nobel Peace Prize
b. December 25, 1918, Monufia, Sultanate of Egypt
d. October 7, 1981, Cairo, Egypt
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Anwar Sadat was the President of Egypt from 1970 to 1981. Anwar Sadat of Egypt, along with Menachem Begin of Israel, was awarded the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize "for their contribution to the two frame agreements on peace in the Middle East, and on peace between Egypt and Israel, which were signed at Camp David on September 17, 1978." Anwar Sadat was the first Muslim to receive a Nobel Prize.
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December 26
{11 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Saturday
{yawm al-sabt (the day of rest)}
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December 27
{12 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Sunday
{yawm al-ahad (the first day)}
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The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji
Part One
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The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji was a peace treaty signed on July 21, 1774 {12 Jumada al-Awwal, 1188 AH}, in Kuchuk-Kainarji {Kucuk Kaynarca}. Kuchuk-Kainarji is today known as Kaynardzha, Bulgaria. The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji was between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Following the Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Kozludzha, the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74 and marked the defeat of the Ottomans in their struggle against Russia. The treaty was a most humiliating blow to the once mighty Ottoman Empire.
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December 28
{13 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Monday
{yawm al-ithnayn (the second day)}
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The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji
Part Two
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Under the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji that was signed on July 21, 1774, Russia returned Wallachia and Moldavia to Ottoman control, but was given the right to protect Christians in the Ottoman Empire and to intervene in Wallachia and Moldavia in case of Ottoman misrule. The northwestern part of Moldavia (which became known as Bukovina) was ceded to Austria in 1775. Russia interpreted the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji as giving it the right to protect Orthodox Christians within the Ottoman Empire. The Russians most notably exercised this right in the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia to intervene under the last Phanariote (Constantinople Greek) rulers and after the Greek War of Independence (1821-1830).
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December 29
{14 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Tuesday
{yawm al-thulatha' (the third day)}
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The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji
Part Three
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The Ottoman-Russian War of 1768-74 opened the era of European preoccupation with the Eastern Question: What would happen to the balance of power as the Ottoman Empire lost territory and collapsed? The Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji that was signed on July 21, 1774 would provide some of the answer. After the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, the Ottoman Empire ceased to be an aggressive power. The Ottoman Empire had terrified Christendom for over three hundred years. However, from then on, the Ottoman Empire mainly fought defensive actions against the overwhelming might of Christian Europe. The Habsburgs had been one of the Ottoman Empire's chief European foes, but by the middle of the 18th century, the czars of Russia had taken over the Habsburgs' fight against the Turks.
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December 30
{15 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Wednesday
{yawm al-arbi‘a’ (the fourth day)}
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'Ali ibn Husayn
Fourth Shia Imam
b. c. January 4, 659 CE {15 Jumada al-Awwal, 36 AH}, Kufa, Iraq or Medina, Hijaz
d. October 20, 713 CE {25 Muharram 95 AH}, Medina, Umayyad Empire
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'Ali ibn Husayn, also known as Zayn al-Abidin (the adornment of the worshippers) or Imam al-Sajjad (the Prostrating Imam), was the fourth Shia Imam, after his father Husayn ibn 'Ali, his uncle Hasan ibn 'Ali, and his grandfather 'Ali ibn Abi Talib. 'Ali ibn Husayn survived the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE, after which he and other surviving family members and companions of Husayn were taken to Yazid I in Damascus. Eventually, 'Ali ibn Husayn was allowed to return to Medina, where he led a secluded life with a few companions. Under his role as Imam al-Sajjad, the life and statements of 'Ali ibn Husayn were entirely devoted to asceticism and religious teachings, mostly in the form of invocations and supplications. His famous supplications are known as Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya.
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December 31
{16 Jumada al-Awwal, 1442 AH}
Thursday
{yawm al-khamis (the fifth day)}
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