Kaysan, Abu ‘Amra
Kaysan, Abu ‘Amra (Abu ‘Amra Kaysan) (d. 686). Prominent Shi‘a in Kufa during the revolt of al-Mukhtar ibn Abi ‘Ubayd al-Thaqafi.Abu 'Amra Kaysan see Kaysan, Abu ‘Amra
Kaysanites
The Kaysanites were a once dominant Shia Ghulat sect (among the Shia of the time) that formed from the followers of Al-Mukhtar. They believed in the Imamate of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. They also held some extremist Shia views. Following the death of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah the sect split up into numerous sub-sects, each with their own Imam and unique beliefs. The Kaysanites would have a continual history of splitting up into smaller sub-sects following the death of their leaders. One Kaysanite sub-sect was lead by the Abbasids, who successfully revolted against the Umayyad Caliphate and then established the Abbasid Caliphate. However, following the establishment of the Abbasids as Caliphs and their disavowal of their Kaysanite origins, the majority of the Kaysanites responded by abandoning the Kaysanite Shia sect and instead switched their allegiances to other Shia sects. Thereafter, the Kaysanite Shia sect became extinct despite its once dominant position among the Shia.
The followers of Al-Mukhtar who emerged from his movement (including all subsequent sub-sects which evolved from his movement) who upheld the Imamate of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah and his descendents or any other alleged designated successors were initially named the Mukhtariyya (after Al-Mukhtar), but were soon more commonly referred to as the Kaysaniyya (i.e. Kaysanites). The name Kaysaniyya seems to have been based on the kunya (surname) Kaysan, allegedly given to Al-Mukhtar by Ali, or the name of a freed Mawali of Ali who was killed at the Battle of Siffin called Kaysan, from whom it is claimed Al-Mukhtar acquired his ideas. However, it is much more probably named after Abu ‘Amra Kaysan, a prominent Mawali and chief of Al-Mukhtar’s personal bodyguard.
The Kaysanites were also known as Hanafis (after Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah), Fourer Shia (i.e. they recognized only 4 Imams after Muhammad) and Khashabiyya (i.e. men armed with clubs, because they were armed with wooden clubs or staffs).
The Kaysanites as a collective sect held the following common beliefs:
* They condemned the first 3 Caliphs before Ali as illegitimate usurpers and also held that the community had gone astray by accepting their rule.
* They believed Ali and his 3 sons Hasan ibn Ali, Husayn ibn Ali and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah were the successive Imams and successors to Muhammad by divine appointment and that they were endowed with supernatural attributes.
* They believed that Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was the Mahdi (as initially declared by Al-Mukhtar).
* They believed in Bada’.
* The seepage of Iranian beliefs into the Kaysanite beliefs.
Furthermore, some Kaysanite sub-sects established their own unique beliefs, such as:
* Some believed Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah was concealed (ghayba) at Mount Radwa near Medina, guarded by lions and tigers and fed by mountain goats and will return (Raj`a i.e. the return to life of the Mahdi with his supporters for retribution before the Qiyama) as the Mahdi.
* Some referred to dar al-taqiyya (i.e. the domain of Taqiyya) as those territories that were not their own. Their own territories were referred to as dar al-‘alaniya (i.e. the domain of publicity).
* Some began to use ideas of a generally Gnostic nature which were current in Iraq during the 8th century.
* Some interpreted Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah’s temporary banishment to Mount Radwa and concealment as chastisement for his mistake of travelling from Mecca to Damascus to pledge allegiance and pay a visit to the false Caliph Abd al-Malik.
The Kaysanites pursued an activist anti-establishment policy against the Ummayads, aiming to transfer leadership of the Muslims to Alids and accounted for the bulk allegiance of the Shia populace (even overshadowing the Imamis) until shortly after the Abbasid revolution. Initially they broke away from the religiously moderate attitudes of the early Kufan Shia. Most of the Kaysanites support came from superficially Islamicized Mawalis in southern Iraq, Persia and elsewhere, as well as other supporters in Iraq, particularly in Kufa and Al-Mada'in (Ctesiphon).
Following the death of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, the bulk of the Kaysanites acknowledged the Imamate of Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah (a.k.a. Abu Hashim, the eldest son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, d. 716). This sub-sect (a.k.a. Hashimiyya, named after Abu Hashim), which comprised the majority of the Kaysanites was the earliest Shiite group whose teachings and revolutionary stance were disseminated in Persia, especially in Khuurasaan, where it found adherents among the Mawalis and Arab settlers.
By the end of the Ummayad period the majority of the Hashimiyya, transferred their allegiance to the Abbasid family and they played an important role in the propaganda campaign that eventually lead to the successful Abbasid revolution.
However, the Kaysanites did not survive as a sect, even though they occupied a majority position among the Shia until shortly after the Abbasid revolution. The remaining Kaysanites who had not joined the Abbasid party sought to align themselves with alternative Shia communities. Therefore, in Khurasan and other eastern lands many joined the Khurramites. In Iraq they joined Ja'far al-Sadiq or Muhammad ibn Abdallah An-Nafs Az-Zakiyya, who were then the main Alid claimants to the Imamate. However, with the demise of the activist movement of An-Nafs Az-Zakiyya, Ja'far al-Sadiq emerged as their main rallying point. Hence, By the end of the 8th century the majority of the Kaysanites had turned to other Imams.
The Kaysanite Shia sect split into numerous sub-sects throughout its history. These splits would occur after a Kaysanite leader died and his followers would divide by pledging their allegiance to different leaders, with each sub-sect claiming the authenticity of its own leader.
When Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah died in 700 the Kaysanites split into at least 3 distinct sub-sects:
* Karibiyya or Kuraybiyya, named after their leader Abu Karib (or Kurayb) al-Darir. They refused to acknowledge Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah’s death and believed he was concealed (gha’ib) in the Radwa Mountains near Medina, from whence he would eventually emerge as the Mahdi to fill the earth with justice and equity, as it had formerly been filled with injustice and oppression.
* Another sub-sect was under the leadership of a man named Hayyan al-Sarraj. They affirmed the death of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, but maintained that he and his partisans would return to life in the future when he will establish justice on earth.
* Another sub-sect founded by Hamza ibn ‘Umara al-Barbari asserted divinity for Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah and prophethood for Hamza ibn ‘Umara al-Barbari and acquired some supporters in Kufa and Medina.
* Another sub-sect was the Hashimiyya. The Hashimiyya comprised the majority of the Kaysanites after the death of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah. They accepted Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah’s death and recognized his eldest son Abu Hashim as his successor. The Hashimiyya believed that Abu Hashim was personally designated by Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah as his successor. Therefore, Abu Hashim became the Imam of the majority of the Shia of that time even though he was slightly younger than his cousin Zayn al-Abidin. From their Kufa base, the Hashimiyya managed to recruit adherents in other provinces, especially among the Mawali in Khurasan.
After the death of Abu Hashim, no less than 4 to 5 sub-sects claimed succession to Abu Hashim from the original Hashimiyya:
* The Harbiyya, which would later be known as the Janahiyya, were the followers of Abdallah ibn Muawiya ibn Abdullah ibn Ja'far. Abdullah ibn Muawiya was Abu Hashim’s cousin and the grandson of Ja`far ibn Abī Tālib. According to the Harbiyya/Janahiyya, he was the legitimate successor of Abu Hashim. He revolted after the death of his cousin Zayd ibn Ali and his nephew Yahya ibn Zayd ibn Ali. His revolt spread through Iraq into Isfahan and Fārs from 744 to 748. He was also joined by the Zaidiyyah, Abbasids, and Kharijites in revolt. For a while, Abdallah ibn Muawiya established himself at Estakhr from where he ruled for a few years over Fārs and other parts of Persia,[46] including Ahvaz, Jibal, Isfahan and Kerman from 744 to 748 until fleeing to Khurasan from the advancing Umayyad forces. When fleeing to Khurasan, he was killed (on behalf of the Abbasids) by Abu Muslim Khorasani in 748 while imprisoned. The Harbiyya/Janahiyya sub-sect expounded many extremist and Gnostic ideas such as the pre-existence of souls as shadows (azilla), the transmigration of souls (tanaukh al-arwah i.e. the return in a different body while having the same spirit) and a cyclical history of eras (adwar) and eons (akwar). Some of these ideas were adopted by other early Shia Ghulat groups.
o After the death of Abdullah ibn Muawiya, a sub-sect of the Harbiyya/Janahiyya claimed that he was alive and hiding in the mountains of Isfahan.
* Another sub-sect of the Hashimiyya recognized the Abbasid Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdullah ibn ‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib as the legitimate successor of Abu Hashim. This Abbasid sub-sect comprised the majority of the original Hashimiyya. The Abbasids alleged that Abu Hashim (who died childless in 716) had named his successor to be Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdullah (d. 744). Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdullah became the founder of the Abbasid Caliphate. He had three sons; Ibrahim (who was killed by the Ummayads), As-Saffah (who became the first Abbasid Caliph) and Al-Mansur (who became the second Abbasid Caliph). Therefore, the ideological engine of the Abbasid revolt was that of the Kaysanites.
o Another sub-sect was the Abu Muslimiyya sub-sect (named after Abu Muslim Khorasani). This sub-sect maintained that the Imamate had passed from As-Saffah to Abu Muslim. They also believed that Al-Mansur did not kill Abu Muslim, but instead someone who resembled Abu Muslim and that Abu Muslim was still alive.
o Another sub-sect was the Rizamiyya. They refused to repudiate Abu Muslim, but also affirmed that the Imamate would remain in the Abbasid family until the Qiyama, when a descendent of ‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib would be the Mahdi.
Kaysaniyya
Kaysaniyya (Mukhtariyya). Name applied to those supporters of al-Mukhtar ibn Abi ‘Ubayd al-Thaqafi who recognized ‘Ali’s son Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya as their Imam and as the Mahdi.
Mukhtariyya see Kaysaniyya
Mukhtariyya see Kaysaniyya
Kazakhs
Kazakhs. See Cossack.
Cossacks see Kazakhs.
Kazakhs. See Cossack.
Cossacks see Kazakhs.
Kazaruni, Shaykh Abu Ishaq
Kazaruni, Shaykh Abu Ishaq (Shaykh Abu Ishaq Kazaruni) (963-1033). Founder of a Sufi order variously known as the Murshidiyya, Ishaqiyya or Kazaruniyya. He is known for his charitable concern for the poor which was followed by all the branches of the order.
Shaykh Abu Ishaq Kazaruni see Kazaruni, Shaykh Abu Ishaq
Abu Ishaq Kazaruni see Kazaruni, Shaykh Abu Ishaq
Kazaruni, Shaykh Abu Ishaq (Shaykh Abu Ishaq Kazaruni) (963-1033). Founder of a Sufi order variously known as the Murshidiyya, Ishaqiyya or Kazaruniyya. He is known for his charitable concern for the poor which was followed by all the branches of the order.
Shaykh Abu Ishaq Kazaruni see Kazaruni, Shaykh Abu Ishaq
Abu Ishaq Kazaruni see Kazaruni, Shaykh Abu Ishaq
Kazimi, ‘Abd al-Muhsin al-
Kazimi, ‘Abd al-Muhsin al- (‘Abd al-Muhsin al-Kazimi) (1865-1935). Shi‘a poet of Iraq. He is known as “the poet of the Arabs,” for he derives his images and metaphors from Bedouin life.
'Abd al-Muhsin al-Kazimi see Kazimi, ‘Abd al-Muhsin al-
Poet of the Arabs see Kazimi, ‘Abd al-Muhsin al-
Kazimi, ‘Abd al-Muhsin al- (‘Abd al-Muhsin al-Kazimi) (1865-1935). Shi‘a poet of Iraq. He is known as “the poet of the Arabs,” for he derives his images and metaphors from Bedouin life.
'Abd al-Muhsin al-Kazimi see Kazimi, ‘Abd al-Muhsin al-
Poet of the Arabs see Kazimi, ‘Abd al-Muhsin al-
Kazimi, ‘Abd al-Nabi al-
Kazimi, ‘Abd al-Nabi al- (‘Abd al-Nabi al-Kazimi) (1784-1840). Imami jurist and traditionist of Kazimayn. The most important of his numerous works is a biographical dictionary of transmitters of Shi‘a hadith.
'Abd al-Nabi al-Kazimi see Kazimi, ‘Abd al-Nabi al-
Kazimi, ‘Abd al-Nabi al- (‘Abd al-Nabi al-Kazimi) (1784-1840). Imami jurist and traditionist of Kazimayn. The most important of his numerous works is a biographical dictionary of transmitters of Shi‘a hadith.
'Abd al-Nabi al-Kazimi see Kazimi, ‘Abd al-Nabi al-
Kazimi, Haydar ibn Ibrahim al-
Kazimi, Haydar ibn Ibrahim al- (Haydar ibn Ibrahim al-Kazimi) (1790-1849). Imami scholar of Kazimayn. He was the ancestor of the al-Haydar, a celebrated learned family of Kazimayn.
Haydar ibn Ibrahim al-Kazimi see Kazimi, Haydar ibn Ibrahim al-
Kazimi, Haydar ibn Ibrahim al- (Haydar ibn Ibrahim al-Kazimi) (1790-1849). Imami scholar of Kazimayn. He was the ancestor of the al-Haydar, a celebrated learned family of Kazimayn.
Haydar ibn Ibrahim al-Kazimi see Kazimi, Haydar ibn Ibrahim al-
Kazim Karabekir
Kazim Karabekir (Musa Kâzım Karabekir) (1882, Istanbul – January 26, 1948, Ankara). Turkish general and statesman. In 1919, he was instrumental in organizing Turkish national forces to fight the War of Independence. In 1924, he became a chief founder of the republican Progressive Party, and was considered one of the major potential rivals of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.
Musa Kâzım Karabekir was a Turkish general and politician. He was commander of the Eastern Army in the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I and served as Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey before his death.
Karabekir was born in 1882 as the son of an Ottoman General, Mehmet Emin Pasha, in the Koca Mustafa paşa quarter of Istanbul, Ottoman Empire. Karabekir family is a Seljukid Turkic military family.
He toured several places in the Ottoman Empire due to his father’s duty in the military. He returned to Istanbul in 1893 with his mother after his father’s death in Mecca. They settled in the Zeyrek quarter of Istanbul. Karabekir was put into Fatih military secondary school the next year. After finishing his school, he attended Kuleli military high school, from which he graduated in 1899. He continued his education at the military college in Istanbul, which he finished on December 6, 1902 at the top of his class.
After two months, the junior officer was commissioned in January 1906 to the Third Army in the region around Bitola in Macedonia. There, he was involved in fights with Greek and Bulgarian guerrillas. For his successful service, he was promoted to the rank of a Senior Captain in 1907. In the following years, he served in Istanbul and again in the Second Army in Edirne.
On April 15, 1911, Kâzım applied to change his family name from Zeyrek to Karabekir. Until that time, he was called Kâzım Zeyrek, after the place where he lived with his mother, a custom in the Ottoman Empire as family names were not used. From then on he adopted Karabekir, the name of his ancestors.
During his service in Edirne, Karabekir was promoted to the rank of a major on April 27, 1912. He took part in the First Balkan War against Bulgarian forces, but was captured during the Battle of Edirne-Kale on April 22, 1913. He remained a POW until the armistice signed on October 21, 1913.
Before the outbreak of World War I, Karabekir served a while in Istanbul and then was sent to some European countries like Austria, Germany, France and Switzerland. In July 1914, he returned home, as the signs for the upcoming of a war became apparent.
Back in Istanbul, Karabekir was assigned the chief of intelligence at the General Staff. Soon, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. After a short time at the southeastern front, he was sent to the Dardanelles. As commander of the 14th Division, Karabekir fought in the Battle of Gallipoli in the summer months of 1915. In October 1915, he was appointed chief staff officer at the First Army in Istanbul.
He was commissioned to the Iraqi front to join the Sixth Army. For his success in military activities in Gallipoli, he was decorated in December 1915 both by the Ottoman and German Command, and was contemporaneously promoted to the rank of Colonel. In April 1916, he took over the command of the 18th Corps, which gained a great victory over the British forces led by General Charles Townshend during the Siege of Kut-al Amara in Iraq.
Karabekir was appointed commander of the 2nd Corps at the Caucasian front and fought bitterly against the Russian and Armenian forces almost ten months. In September 1917, he was promoted to Brigadier General by a decree of the Sultan.
According to the Treaty of Sèvres, which ended World War I, Ottoman Sultan Mehmet Vahdettin gave Karabekir the order to surrender to Entente powers, which he refused. He stayed in the region and, on the eve of the Erzurum Congress when Mustafa Kemal had just arrived in Erzurum, Karabekir secured the city with a Cavalry Brigade in his command to protect him and the congressmen. He pledged with Mustafa Kemal to join the Turkish national movement and subsequently took the command of the Eastern front of the Turkish Independence War.
On November 15, 1920, the Turkish army under the command of Karabekir invaded the territory of the Armenian republic, which had expanded its territory and annexed parts of the territory of the defunct Ottoman Empire. The Turkish decisively defeated the Armenian forces, taking the towns of Kars and Sarıkamış, and capturing Alexandropol, a major center of the new Armenian republic. He then set his signature on a peace treaty, the Treaty of Alexandropol with the Democratic Republic of Armenia on December 2, 1920. He was designated by the newly formed parliament in Ankara to sign also the friendship agreement, the Treaty of Kars with the Soviet Union on October 23, 1921.
After the defeat of Greek forces in Western Anatolia, the Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (Republic of Turkey) was proclaimed. Kâzım Karabekir Pasha moved to Ankara in October 1922, and continued to serve in the parliament as Deputy of Edirne. He was still the acting commander of the Eastern Army as he was elected Deputy of Istanbul on June 29, 1923. Six months later, he was appointed Inspector of First Army. The parliament awarded him the highest Turkish "Order of Independence" for his meritorious and distinguished service in military and politics during the War of Independence. He retired from his final military service on October 26, 1924.
Karabekir had differences of opinion with Mustafa Kemal about the realization of Atatürk's Reforms, one of the most important being the abolition of caliphate. Even though he agreed on the subject, he was of another opinion as Mustafa Kemal insisted on the immediate action. For Karabekir, the timing was improper, because British forces stood at the border of southeastern Turkey, claiming Kerkük in modern day Iraq. Karabekir did not believe that the caliphate should be abolished before solving this problem. Kurds, more radical in their shafi-sunni Islamic beliefs, began to rise up against the government, because they thought the government would lift the religion after the abolition. Struggling with this rebellion, Turkey agreed to leave Kerkük to Iraq, which was under the British mandate. Such conflicts prompted tensions between Karabekir and Mustafa Kemal.
On November 17, 1924, Karabekir co-founded the political movement "Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası" (Progressive Republican Party), and became its leader. Afterwards, Mustafa Kemal blamed Karabekir for the Kurdish rebellion and the assassination attempt made against him in İzmir, and the party was banned on June 5, 1925 by the government. Karabekir was imprisoned with many of his party members. Following these developments, all relations were broken between Karabekir and Mustafa Kemal.
Threatened with execution, Karabekir was forced to retire from politics. He devoted himself to writing his memories of the Turkish War of Independence and the reforms. However, all of his works were collected and burned on the orders of the Turkish government. Karabekir lived in fear of the police and the government until the death of Mustafa Kemal in 1938. İsmet İnönü Pasha, who was his close friend, rehabilitated him.
In 1939, Kâzım Karabekir returned to the parliament as Deputy of İstanbul. He was even elected as speaker of the parliament on August 5, 1946. Still in office, he died on January 26, 1948 in Ankara following a heart attack. His remains were later relocated to the Turkish State Cemetery in Ankara.
Kâzım Karabekir was succeeded by his wife İclal and three daughters Hayat, Emel and Timsal. The four-story mansion in the Erenköy quarter of Kadıköy district in İstanbul, where he lived for almost 15 years under house arrest, was converted in 2005 to a museum.
The works of Kazim Karabekir include:
* Ankarada Savaş Rüzgarları (Winds of War in Ankara)
* Bir Duello ve Bir Suikast (A Duel and An Assassination)
* Birinci Cihan Harbi 1-4 (World War I 1-4)
o Birinci Cihan Harbine Neden Girdik? (Why Did We Enter the World War I?)
o Birinci Cihan Harbine Nasıl Girdik? (How Did We Enter the World War I?)
o Birinci Cihan Harbini Nasıl İdare Ettik? (How Did We Manage the World War I?)
o Birinci Cihan Harbini Nasıl İdare Ettik? (How Did We Manage the World War I?)
* Cumhuriyet Tarihi Set 1 (History of the Republic Set 1)
* Cumhuriyet Tarihi Set 2 (History of the Republic Set 2)
* İstiklal Harbimiz 1-5 (Our War of Independence 1-5)
* Paşaların Kavgası (Struggle of the Pashas)
* Paşaların Hesaplaşması (Revenge of the Pashas)
* Cehennem Değirmeni 1-2 (Windmill of Hell 1-2)
* İzmir Suikasti (Assassination in İzmir)
* Çocuklara Öğütler (Advice to Children)
* Hayatım (My Life)
* İttihat ve Terraki Cemiyeti 1896-1909 (Committee of Union and Progress 1896-1909)
* Ermeni Dosyası (Armenian Dossier)
* İngiltere, İtalya ve Habeş Harbi (British, Italian and Ethiopian War)
* Kürt Meselesi (Kurdish Problem)
* Çocuk, Davamız 1-2 (The Child, Our Problem 1-2)
* İstiklal Harbimizin Esasları (Principals of Our War of Independence)
* Yunan Süngüsü (Greek Bayonet)
* Sanayi Projelerimiz (Our Industrial Projects)
* İktisat Esaslarımız (Our Principals of Economy)
* Tarihte Almanlar ve Alman Ordusu (Germans in the History and German Army)
* Türkiye’de ve Türk Ordusunda Almanlar (Germans in Türkiye and in the Türk Army)
* Tarih Boyunca Türk-Alman İlişkileri (Türk German Relations Throughout the History)
* İstiklal Harbimizde İttihad Terraki ve Enver Paşa 1-2 (Union Progress and Enver Pasha in Our War of Independence)
* İstiklal Harbimizin Esasları Neden Yazıldı? (Why Was the Principals of Our War of Independence Written?)
* Milli Mücadelede Bursa (Bursa During the War of Independence)
* İtalya ve Habeş (Italy and Ethiopia)
* Ermeni Mezalimi (Armenian Outrage)
* Sırp-Bulgar Seferi (Serbian-Bulgarian Campaign)
* Osmanlı Ordusunun Taaruz Fikri (Attack Concept of the Ottoman Army)
* Erkan-i Harbiye Vezaifinden İstihbarat (Intelligence from the Service at General Staff)
* Sarıkamış-Kars ve Ötesi (Sarıkamış, Kars and Beyond)
* Erzincan ve Erzurum'un Kurtuluşu (Liberation of Erzincan and Erzurum)
* Bulgaristan Esareti -Hatıralar, Notlar (Captivity in Bulgaria -Memories, Notes)
* Nutuk ve Karabekir'den Cevaplar (The Address and Replies From Karabekir)
Karabekir, Kazim see Kazim Karabekir
Musa Kâzım Karabekir see Kazim Karabekir
Kazim Karabekir (Musa Kâzım Karabekir) (1882, Istanbul – January 26, 1948, Ankara). Turkish general and statesman. In 1919, he was instrumental in organizing Turkish national forces to fight the War of Independence. In 1924, he became a chief founder of the republican Progressive Party, and was considered one of the major potential rivals of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.
Musa Kâzım Karabekir was a Turkish general and politician. He was commander of the Eastern Army in the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I and served as Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey before his death.
Karabekir was born in 1882 as the son of an Ottoman General, Mehmet Emin Pasha, in the Koca Mustafa paşa quarter of Istanbul, Ottoman Empire. Karabekir family is a Seljukid Turkic military family.
He toured several places in the Ottoman Empire due to his father’s duty in the military. He returned to Istanbul in 1893 with his mother after his father’s death in Mecca. They settled in the Zeyrek quarter of Istanbul. Karabekir was put into Fatih military secondary school the next year. After finishing his school, he attended Kuleli military high school, from which he graduated in 1899. He continued his education at the military college in Istanbul, which he finished on December 6, 1902 at the top of his class.
After two months, the junior officer was commissioned in January 1906 to the Third Army in the region around Bitola in Macedonia. There, he was involved in fights with Greek and Bulgarian guerrillas. For his successful service, he was promoted to the rank of a Senior Captain in 1907. In the following years, he served in Istanbul and again in the Second Army in Edirne.
On April 15, 1911, Kâzım applied to change his family name from Zeyrek to Karabekir. Until that time, he was called Kâzım Zeyrek, after the place where he lived with his mother, a custom in the Ottoman Empire as family names were not used. From then on he adopted Karabekir, the name of his ancestors.
During his service in Edirne, Karabekir was promoted to the rank of a major on April 27, 1912. He took part in the First Balkan War against Bulgarian forces, but was captured during the Battle of Edirne-Kale on April 22, 1913. He remained a POW until the armistice signed on October 21, 1913.
Before the outbreak of World War I, Karabekir served a while in Istanbul and then was sent to some European countries like Austria, Germany, France and Switzerland. In July 1914, he returned home, as the signs for the upcoming of a war became apparent.
Back in Istanbul, Karabekir was assigned the chief of intelligence at the General Staff. Soon, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. After a short time at the southeastern front, he was sent to the Dardanelles. As commander of the 14th Division, Karabekir fought in the Battle of Gallipoli in the summer months of 1915. In October 1915, he was appointed chief staff officer at the First Army in Istanbul.
He was commissioned to the Iraqi front to join the Sixth Army. For his success in military activities in Gallipoli, he was decorated in December 1915 both by the Ottoman and German Command, and was contemporaneously promoted to the rank of Colonel. In April 1916, he took over the command of the 18th Corps, which gained a great victory over the British forces led by General Charles Townshend during the Siege of Kut-al Amara in Iraq.
Karabekir was appointed commander of the 2nd Corps at the Caucasian front and fought bitterly against the Russian and Armenian forces almost ten months. In September 1917, he was promoted to Brigadier General by a decree of the Sultan.
According to the Treaty of Sèvres, which ended World War I, Ottoman Sultan Mehmet Vahdettin gave Karabekir the order to surrender to Entente powers, which he refused. He stayed in the region and, on the eve of the Erzurum Congress when Mustafa Kemal had just arrived in Erzurum, Karabekir secured the city with a Cavalry Brigade in his command to protect him and the congressmen. He pledged with Mustafa Kemal to join the Turkish national movement and subsequently took the command of the Eastern front of the Turkish Independence War.
On November 15, 1920, the Turkish army under the command of Karabekir invaded the territory of the Armenian republic, which had expanded its territory and annexed parts of the territory of the defunct Ottoman Empire. The Turkish decisively defeated the Armenian forces, taking the towns of Kars and Sarıkamış, and capturing Alexandropol, a major center of the new Armenian republic. He then set his signature on a peace treaty, the Treaty of Alexandropol with the Democratic Republic of Armenia on December 2, 1920. He was designated by the newly formed parliament in Ankara to sign also the friendship agreement, the Treaty of Kars with the Soviet Union on October 23, 1921.
After the defeat of Greek forces in Western Anatolia, the Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (Republic of Turkey) was proclaimed. Kâzım Karabekir Pasha moved to Ankara in October 1922, and continued to serve in the parliament as Deputy of Edirne. He was still the acting commander of the Eastern Army as he was elected Deputy of Istanbul on June 29, 1923. Six months later, he was appointed Inspector of First Army. The parliament awarded him the highest Turkish "Order of Independence" for his meritorious and distinguished service in military and politics during the War of Independence. He retired from his final military service on October 26, 1924.
Karabekir had differences of opinion with Mustafa Kemal about the realization of Atatürk's Reforms, one of the most important being the abolition of caliphate. Even though he agreed on the subject, he was of another opinion as Mustafa Kemal insisted on the immediate action. For Karabekir, the timing was improper, because British forces stood at the border of southeastern Turkey, claiming Kerkük in modern day Iraq. Karabekir did not believe that the caliphate should be abolished before solving this problem. Kurds, more radical in their shafi-sunni Islamic beliefs, began to rise up against the government, because they thought the government would lift the religion after the abolition. Struggling with this rebellion, Turkey agreed to leave Kerkük to Iraq, which was under the British mandate. Such conflicts prompted tensions between Karabekir and Mustafa Kemal.
On November 17, 1924, Karabekir co-founded the political movement "Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası" (Progressive Republican Party), and became its leader. Afterwards, Mustafa Kemal blamed Karabekir for the Kurdish rebellion and the assassination attempt made against him in İzmir, and the party was banned on June 5, 1925 by the government. Karabekir was imprisoned with many of his party members. Following these developments, all relations were broken between Karabekir and Mustafa Kemal.
Threatened with execution, Karabekir was forced to retire from politics. He devoted himself to writing his memories of the Turkish War of Independence and the reforms. However, all of his works were collected and burned on the orders of the Turkish government. Karabekir lived in fear of the police and the government until the death of Mustafa Kemal in 1938. İsmet İnönü Pasha, who was his close friend, rehabilitated him.
In 1939, Kâzım Karabekir returned to the parliament as Deputy of İstanbul. He was even elected as speaker of the parliament on August 5, 1946. Still in office, he died on January 26, 1948 in Ankara following a heart attack. His remains were later relocated to the Turkish State Cemetery in Ankara.
Kâzım Karabekir was succeeded by his wife İclal and three daughters Hayat, Emel and Timsal. The four-story mansion in the Erenköy quarter of Kadıköy district in İstanbul, where he lived for almost 15 years under house arrest, was converted in 2005 to a museum.
The works of Kazim Karabekir include:
* Ankarada Savaş Rüzgarları (Winds of War in Ankara)
* Bir Duello ve Bir Suikast (A Duel and An Assassination)
* Birinci Cihan Harbi 1-4 (World War I 1-4)
o Birinci Cihan Harbine Neden Girdik? (Why Did We Enter the World War I?)
o Birinci Cihan Harbine Nasıl Girdik? (How Did We Enter the World War I?)
o Birinci Cihan Harbini Nasıl İdare Ettik? (How Did We Manage the World War I?)
o Birinci Cihan Harbini Nasıl İdare Ettik? (How Did We Manage the World War I?)
* Cumhuriyet Tarihi Set 1 (History of the Republic Set 1)
* Cumhuriyet Tarihi Set 2 (History of the Republic Set 2)
* İstiklal Harbimiz 1-5 (Our War of Independence 1-5)
* Paşaların Kavgası (Struggle of the Pashas)
* Paşaların Hesaplaşması (Revenge of the Pashas)
* Cehennem Değirmeni 1-2 (Windmill of Hell 1-2)
* İzmir Suikasti (Assassination in İzmir)
* Çocuklara Öğütler (Advice to Children)
* Hayatım (My Life)
* İttihat ve Terraki Cemiyeti 1896-1909 (Committee of Union and Progress 1896-1909)
* Ermeni Dosyası (Armenian Dossier)
* İngiltere, İtalya ve Habeş Harbi (British, Italian and Ethiopian War)
* Kürt Meselesi (Kurdish Problem)
* Çocuk, Davamız 1-2 (The Child, Our Problem 1-2)
* İstiklal Harbimizin Esasları (Principals of Our War of Independence)
* Yunan Süngüsü (Greek Bayonet)
* Sanayi Projelerimiz (Our Industrial Projects)
* İktisat Esaslarımız (Our Principals of Economy)
* Tarihte Almanlar ve Alman Ordusu (Germans in the History and German Army)
* Türkiye’de ve Türk Ordusunda Almanlar (Germans in Türkiye and in the Türk Army)
* Tarih Boyunca Türk-Alman İlişkileri (Türk German Relations Throughout the History)
* İstiklal Harbimizde İttihad Terraki ve Enver Paşa 1-2 (Union Progress and Enver Pasha in Our War of Independence)
* İstiklal Harbimizin Esasları Neden Yazıldı? (Why Was the Principals of Our War of Independence Written?)
* Milli Mücadelede Bursa (Bursa During the War of Independence)
* İtalya ve Habeş (Italy and Ethiopia)
* Ermeni Mezalimi (Armenian Outrage)
* Sırp-Bulgar Seferi (Serbian-Bulgarian Campaign)
* Osmanlı Ordusunun Taaruz Fikri (Attack Concept of the Ottoman Army)
* Erkan-i Harbiye Vezaifinden İstihbarat (Intelligence from the Service at General Staff)
* Sarıkamış-Kars ve Ötesi (Sarıkamış, Kars and Beyond)
* Erzincan ve Erzurum'un Kurtuluşu (Liberation of Erzincan and Erzurum)
* Bulgaristan Esareti -Hatıralar, Notlar (Captivity in Bulgaria -Memories, Notes)
* Nutuk ve Karabekir'den Cevaplar (The Address and Replies From Karabekir)
Karabekir, Kazim see Kazim Karabekir
Musa Kâzım Karabekir see Kazim Karabekir
Kazim Qadri, Husayn
Kazim Qadri, Husayn (Husayn Kazim Qadri) (1870-1934). Turkish writer and lexicographer. His major work is a comprehensive Turkish dictionary in four volumes.
Qadri, Husayn Kazim see Kazim Qadri, Husayn
Husayn Kazim Qadri see Kazim Qadri, Husayn
Kazim Qadri, Husayn (Husayn Kazim Qadri) (1870-1934). Turkish writer and lexicographer. His major work is a comprehensive Turkish dictionary in four volumes.
Qadri, Husayn Kazim see Kazim Qadri, Husayn
Husayn Kazim Qadri see Kazim Qadri, Husayn
Kazim Rashti
Kazim Rashti (Sayyid Kazim Rashti) (Sayyid Kāẓim bin Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī ar-Rashtī) (Siyyid Kázim Rashtí) (1793/1798-1843). Leader of the Shaykhi sect in Persia after the death of its founder, Shaykh Ahmad Ahsa’i.
Sayyid Kāẓim bin Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī ar-Rashtī was the son of Sayyid Qasim of Rasht, a town in northern Iran. He was appointed as the successor of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i, and led the Shaykhí movement until his death.
He came from a family of well known merchants. He was a Mullah who, after study of the Islamic writings, told his students about the coming of the Mahdi and the "Masih" (the return of Christ) and taught them how to recognize them. After his death in 1843, many of his students spread out around Asia, Europe and Africa for the search.
Upon his death he was laid to rest near the tomb of Imam Husayn in Karbala.
On the death of Sayyid Kazim on December 31, 1843, some Shaykhis went on to become Bahais and the rest split into three factions. It is reported that before dying, instead of appointing a successor, he sent his disciples out to find the Promised One.
Sayyid Kazim Rashti see Kazim Rashti
Kazim Rashti, Sayyid see Kazim Rashti
Rashti, Sayyid Kazim see Kazim Rashti
Sayyid Kāẓim bin Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī ar-Rashtī see Kazim Rashti
Siyyid Kázim Rashtí see Kazim Rashti
Kazim Rashti (Sayyid Kazim Rashti) (Sayyid Kāẓim bin Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī ar-Rashtī) (Siyyid Kázim Rashtí) (1793/1798-1843). Leader of the Shaykhi sect in Persia after the death of its founder, Shaykh Ahmad Ahsa’i.
Sayyid Kāẓim bin Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī ar-Rashtī was the son of Sayyid Qasim of Rasht, a town in northern Iran. He was appointed as the successor of Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i, and led the Shaykhí movement until his death.
He came from a family of well known merchants. He was a Mullah who, after study of the Islamic writings, told his students about the coming of the Mahdi and the "Masih" (the return of Christ) and taught them how to recognize them. After his death in 1843, many of his students spread out around Asia, Europe and Africa for the search.
Upon his death he was laid to rest near the tomb of Imam Husayn in Karbala.
On the death of Sayyid Kazim on December 31, 1843, some Shaykhis went on to become Bahais and the rest split into three factions. It is reported that before dying, instead of appointing a successor, he sent his disciples out to find the Promised One.
Sayyid Kazim Rashti see Kazim Rashti
Kazim Rashti, Sayyid see Kazim Rashti
Rashti, Sayyid Kazim see Kazim Rashti
Sayyid Kāẓim bin Qāsim al-Ḥusaynī ar-Rashtī see Kazim Rashti
Siyyid Kázim Rashtí see Kazim Rashti
No comments:
Post a Comment