Qilij Arslan I
Qilij Arslan I (Kilic Arslan I) (Kilij Arslan I) (d. 1107). Rum Saljuq prince of Asia Minor (r. 1092-1107). He crushed the Peasant Crusade of Peter the Hermit, but was forced to give up the capital Nicaea to the Barons’ Crusade. In 1101, in cooperation with Danishmend, he annihilated the rearguard of the Crusaders. He was defeated by the Great Saljuq Muhammad I ibn Malik Shah.
Kilij Arslan was the Seljuq Sultan of Rum from 1092 until his death in 1107. He ruled the Sultanate during the time of the First Crusade and thus faced the brunt of the entire attack. He also re-established the Sultanate of Rum after the death of Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk and soundly defeated the Crusaders in three separate battles during the Crusade of 1101 which arose as a well-managed response to the First Crusade.
After the death of his father, Suleyman, in 1086, he became a hostage of Sultan Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk, but was released when Malik Shah died in 1092. Kilij Arslan then marched at the head of the Turkish Oghuz Yiva tribe army and set up his capital at Nicaea, replacing Amin 'l Ghazni, the governor appointed by Malik Shah I.
Following the death of Malik Shah I the individual tribes, the Danishmends, Mangujekids, Saltuqids, Chaka, Tengribirmish begs, Artuqids (Ortoqids), and Akhlat-Shahs, started vying with each other to establish their own independent states. Alexius Comnenus's Byzantine intrigues further complicated the situation. He married the daughter of the Emir of the Chaka to attempt to ally himself against the Byzantines, who commanded a strong naval fleet. In 1094, Kilij Arslan received a letter from Alexius suggesting that the Chaka sought to target him to move onto the Byzantines, thereupon Kilij Arslan marched with an army to Smyrna, Chaka’s capital, and invited his father-in-law to a banquet in his tent where he slew him while he was intoxicated.
The Peasants' Crusade army of Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless arrived at Nicaea in 1096. Kilij Arslan's army easily defeated the mob and about 30,000 Crusaders were killed and the rest were sold into slavery. He then invaded the Danishmend Emirate of Malik Ghazi in eastern Anatolia.
Because of this easy first victory, Kilij Arslan did not consider the main crusader army, led by various nobles of western Europe, to be a serious threat. He resumed his war with the Danishmends, and was away from Nicaea when these new Crusaders besieged Nicaea in May of 1097. He hurried back to his capital to find it surrounded by the Crusaders, and was defeated in battle with them on May 21. The city then surrendered to the Byzantines and his wife and children were captured. When the crusaders sent the Sultana to Constantinople, to their dismay she was later returned without ransom in 1097 because of the relationship between Kilij Arslan and Alexius Comnenus.
As result of the stronger invasion, Rüm and the Danishmends allied in their attempt to turn back the Crusaders. The Crusaders split their forces as they marched across Anatolia. The combined Danishmend and Rüm forces planned to ambush the Crusaders near Dorylaeum on June 29. However, Kilij Arslan's horse archers could not penetrate the line of defense set up by the Crusader knights, and the main body under Bohemund arrived to capture the Turkish camp on July 1. Kilij Arslan retreated, however, afterwards, inflicted heavy losses to the Crusader Army with guerilla warfare and hit-and-run tactics. He also destroyed crops and water supplies along their route in order to damage logistical supplying of the Crusader army.
Ghazni ibn Danishmend captured Bohemund resulting in a new force of Lombards attempting to rescue him. In their march, they took Ankara from Arslan upon the Danishmends. In alliance with Radwan, the Atabeg of Aleppo, Kilij Arslan ambushed this force at the Battle of Mersivan. In 1101 he defeated another Crusader army at Heraclea Cybistra, which had come to assist the fledging Crusader States in Syria. This was an important victory for the Turks, as it proved that an army of Crusader knights were not invincible. After this victory he moved his capital to Konya and defeated a force led by William II of Nevers who attempted to march upon it as well as the subsequent force a week later.
In 1104, Kilij Arslan resumed once more his war with the Danishmends who were now weakened after the death of Malik Ghazi, demanding half the ransom gained for Bohemund. As a result Bohemund allied with the Danishmends against Rüm and the Byzantines.
After the Crusades, Kilij Arslan moved towards the east taking Harran, and Diyarbakr. In 1107 he conquered Mosul, but he was defeated by Emir Jawali al-Saqawu for Mehmed I of Great Seljuk supported by the Ortoqids and Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan of Aleppo at the Battle of Mosul. Kilij Arslan died in his capital.
Kilic Arslan I see Qilij Arslan I
Kilij Arslan I see Qilij Arslan I
Qilij Arslan I (Kilic Arslan I) (Kilij Arslan I) (d. 1107). Rum Saljuq prince of Asia Minor (r. 1092-1107). He crushed the Peasant Crusade of Peter the Hermit, but was forced to give up the capital Nicaea to the Barons’ Crusade. In 1101, in cooperation with Danishmend, he annihilated the rearguard of the Crusaders. He was defeated by the Great Saljuq Muhammad I ibn Malik Shah.
Kilij Arslan was the Seljuq Sultan of Rum from 1092 until his death in 1107. He ruled the Sultanate during the time of the First Crusade and thus faced the brunt of the entire attack. He also re-established the Sultanate of Rum after the death of Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk and soundly defeated the Crusaders in three separate battles during the Crusade of 1101 which arose as a well-managed response to the First Crusade.
After the death of his father, Suleyman, in 1086, he became a hostage of Sultan Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk, but was released when Malik Shah died in 1092. Kilij Arslan then marched at the head of the Turkish Oghuz Yiva tribe army and set up his capital at Nicaea, replacing Amin 'l Ghazni, the governor appointed by Malik Shah I.
Following the death of Malik Shah I the individual tribes, the Danishmends, Mangujekids, Saltuqids, Chaka, Tengribirmish begs, Artuqids (Ortoqids), and Akhlat-Shahs, started vying with each other to establish their own independent states. Alexius Comnenus's Byzantine intrigues further complicated the situation. He married the daughter of the Emir of the Chaka to attempt to ally himself against the Byzantines, who commanded a strong naval fleet. In 1094, Kilij Arslan received a letter from Alexius suggesting that the Chaka sought to target him to move onto the Byzantines, thereupon Kilij Arslan marched with an army to Smyrna, Chaka’s capital, and invited his father-in-law to a banquet in his tent where he slew him while he was intoxicated.
The Peasants' Crusade army of Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless arrived at Nicaea in 1096. Kilij Arslan's army easily defeated the mob and about 30,000 Crusaders were killed and the rest were sold into slavery. He then invaded the Danishmend Emirate of Malik Ghazi in eastern Anatolia.
Because of this easy first victory, Kilij Arslan did not consider the main crusader army, led by various nobles of western Europe, to be a serious threat. He resumed his war with the Danishmends, and was away from Nicaea when these new Crusaders besieged Nicaea in May of 1097. He hurried back to his capital to find it surrounded by the Crusaders, and was defeated in battle with them on May 21. The city then surrendered to the Byzantines and his wife and children were captured. When the crusaders sent the Sultana to Constantinople, to their dismay she was later returned without ransom in 1097 because of the relationship between Kilij Arslan and Alexius Comnenus.
As result of the stronger invasion, Rüm and the Danishmends allied in their attempt to turn back the Crusaders. The Crusaders split their forces as they marched across Anatolia. The combined Danishmend and Rüm forces planned to ambush the Crusaders near Dorylaeum on June 29. However, Kilij Arslan's horse archers could not penetrate the line of defense set up by the Crusader knights, and the main body under Bohemund arrived to capture the Turkish camp on July 1. Kilij Arslan retreated, however, afterwards, inflicted heavy losses to the Crusader Army with guerilla warfare and hit-and-run tactics. He also destroyed crops and water supplies along their route in order to damage logistical supplying of the Crusader army.
Ghazni ibn Danishmend captured Bohemund resulting in a new force of Lombards attempting to rescue him. In their march, they took Ankara from Arslan upon the Danishmends. In alliance with Radwan, the Atabeg of Aleppo, Kilij Arslan ambushed this force at the Battle of Mersivan. In 1101 he defeated another Crusader army at Heraclea Cybistra, which had come to assist the fledging Crusader States in Syria. This was an important victory for the Turks, as it proved that an army of Crusader knights were not invincible. After this victory he moved his capital to Konya and defeated a force led by William II of Nevers who attempted to march upon it as well as the subsequent force a week later.
In 1104, Kilij Arslan resumed once more his war with the Danishmends who were now weakened after the death of Malik Ghazi, demanding half the ransom gained for Bohemund. As a result Bohemund allied with the Danishmends against Rüm and the Byzantines.
After the Crusades, Kilij Arslan moved towards the east taking Harran, and Diyarbakr. In 1107 he conquered Mosul, but he was defeated by Emir Jawali al-Saqawu for Mehmed I of Great Seljuk supported by the Ortoqids and Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan of Aleppo at the Battle of Mosul. Kilij Arslan died in his capital.
Kilic Arslan I see Qilij Arslan I
Kilij Arslan I see Qilij Arslan I
Qilij Arslan II
Qilij Arslan II (Kilic Arslan II) ('Izz al-Dīn Qilij Arslān bin Mas'ūd) (1115-1192). One of the most important Rum Saljuqs (r.1156-1192). He had a form of allegiance with the Byzantine Emperor Manuel Comnenus, and was alternately allied and at odds with the Zangid Nur al-Din Mahmud. On the latter’s death, he annexed what remained of the Danishmendid territories and thus accomplished the political unity of Asia Minor. In 1176, he crushed Manuel Comnenus at Myriokephalon. In 1190, he was inclined to promise free passage to Frederick Barbarossa, but his son Qutb al-Din’s Turkmen attacked the Germans, who converged on Konya.
Kilij Arslan II (Arabic: 'Izz al-Dīn Qilij Arslān bin Mas'ūd; Turkish: II. Kılıç Arslan, meaning Lion Sword) was a Seljuk Sultan of Rum from 1156 until his death in 1192.
As Arnold of Lübeck reports in his Chronica Slavorum, he was present at the meeting of Henry the Lion with Kilij-Arslan during the former's pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1172. When they met near Tarsus, the sultan embraced and kissed the German duke, reminding him that they were blood cousins ('amplexans et deosculans eum, dicens, eum consanguineum suum esse'). When the duke asked for details of this relationship, Kilij Arslan informed him that 'a noble lady from the land of Germans married a king of Russia who had a daughter by her; this daughter's daughter arrived to our land, and I descend from her.' The Russian king in question is assumed to have been Svyatoslav II.
In 1159, Kilij Arslan attacked Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus as he marched past Iconium (Konya, capital of Rüm), as Manuel returned from negotiating with Nur ad-Din Zengi in Syria. In 1161, Manuel's nephew John Contostephanus defeated Kilij Arslan, and the sultan traveled to Constantinople in a show of submission. In 1173, Kilij Arslan, now at peace with the Byzantines, allied with Nur ad-Din against Mosul.
The peace treaty with the Byzantines lasted until 1175, when Kilij Arslan refused to hand over to Manuel the territory conquered from the Danishmends, although both sides had for some time been building up their fortifications and armies in preparation for a renewed war. Kilij Arslan tried to negotiate, but Manuel invaded the sultanate in 1176, intending to capture Iconium itself. Kilij Arslan was able to defeat Emperor Manuel I Komnenos's army at the Battle of Myriokephalon, the Sultan forced the emperor to negotiate a fragile peace.
In 1179 Kilij Arslan captured and held to ransom Henry I, the renowned count of Champagne, who was returning overland from a visit to Jerusalem. The ransom was paid by the Byzantine Emperor and Henry was released, but died soon afterwards.
In 1180 the sultan took advantage of the instability in the Byzantine Empire after Manuel's death to secure most of the southern coast of Anatolia, and allied with Saladin, Nur ad-Din's successor, that same year. Then in 1182, he succeeded in capturing the city of Cotyaeum from the Byzantines. In 1185 he made peace with Emperor Isaac II Angelus, but the next year he transferred power to his nine sons, who immediately fought each other for control. Despite Kilij Arslan's alliance with Saladin he was unable to stop the armies of the Third Crusade, but the remnants of the German army were in any case destroyed by the Turks after the death of Frederick Barbarossa.
Kilij Arslan died in 1192. He was succeeded by Kaykhusraw I, although his other sons continued to fight for control of the other parts of the sultanate.
Kilic Arslan II see Qilij Arslan II
'Izz al-Din Qilij Arslan bin Mas'ud see Qilij Arslan II
Lion Sword see Qilij Arslan II
Qilij Arslan II (Kilic Arslan II) ('Izz al-Dīn Qilij Arslān bin Mas'ūd) (1115-1192). One of the most important Rum Saljuqs (r.1156-1192). He had a form of allegiance with the Byzantine Emperor Manuel Comnenus, and was alternately allied and at odds with the Zangid Nur al-Din Mahmud. On the latter’s death, he annexed what remained of the Danishmendid territories and thus accomplished the political unity of Asia Minor. In 1176, he crushed Manuel Comnenus at Myriokephalon. In 1190, he was inclined to promise free passage to Frederick Barbarossa, but his son Qutb al-Din’s Turkmen attacked the Germans, who converged on Konya.
Kilij Arslan II (Arabic: 'Izz al-Dīn Qilij Arslān bin Mas'ūd; Turkish: II. Kılıç Arslan, meaning Lion Sword) was a Seljuk Sultan of Rum from 1156 until his death in 1192.
As Arnold of Lübeck reports in his Chronica Slavorum, he was present at the meeting of Henry the Lion with Kilij-Arslan during the former's pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1172. When they met near Tarsus, the sultan embraced and kissed the German duke, reminding him that they were blood cousins ('amplexans et deosculans eum, dicens, eum consanguineum suum esse'). When the duke asked for details of this relationship, Kilij Arslan informed him that 'a noble lady from the land of Germans married a king of Russia who had a daughter by her; this daughter's daughter arrived to our land, and I descend from her.' The Russian king in question is assumed to have been Svyatoslav II.
In 1159, Kilij Arslan attacked Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus as he marched past Iconium (Konya, capital of Rüm), as Manuel returned from negotiating with Nur ad-Din Zengi in Syria. In 1161, Manuel's nephew John Contostephanus defeated Kilij Arslan, and the sultan traveled to Constantinople in a show of submission. In 1173, Kilij Arslan, now at peace with the Byzantines, allied with Nur ad-Din against Mosul.
The peace treaty with the Byzantines lasted until 1175, when Kilij Arslan refused to hand over to Manuel the territory conquered from the Danishmends, although both sides had for some time been building up their fortifications and armies in preparation for a renewed war. Kilij Arslan tried to negotiate, but Manuel invaded the sultanate in 1176, intending to capture Iconium itself. Kilij Arslan was able to defeat Emperor Manuel I Komnenos's army at the Battle of Myriokephalon, the Sultan forced the emperor to negotiate a fragile peace.
In 1179 Kilij Arslan captured and held to ransom Henry I, the renowned count of Champagne, who was returning overland from a visit to Jerusalem. The ransom was paid by the Byzantine Emperor and Henry was released, but died soon afterwards.
In 1180 the sultan took advantage of the instability in the Byzantine Empire after Manuel's death to secure most of the southern coast of Anatolia, and allied with Saladin, Nur ad-Din's successor, that same year. Then in 1182, he succeeded in capturing the city of Cotyaeum from the Byzantines. In 1185 he made peace with Emperor Isaac II Angelus, but the next year he transferred power to his nine sons, who immediately fought each other for control. Despite Kilij Arslan's alliance with Saladin he was unable to stop the armies of the Third Crusade, but the remnants of the German army were in any case destroyed by the Turks after the death of Frederick Barbarossa.
Kilij Arslan died in 1192. He was succeeded by Kaykhusraw I, although his other sons continued to fight for control of the other parts of the sultanate.
Kilic Arslan II see Qilij Arslan II
'Izz al-Din Qilij Arslan bin Mas'ud see Qilij Arslan II
Lion Sword see Qilij Arslan II
Qilij Arslan IV
Qilij Arslan IV (Kilic Arslan IV) (Rukn al-Din)(Rukn al-Din Qilij Arslan bin Kaykhusraw) ( (d. 1265). One of the Rum Saljuqs. After the death of the Rum Saljuq Kaykhusraw II in 1246, the sultanate was shared jointly by his three minor sons ‘Izz al-Din Kaykawus II, Rukn al-Din Qilij Arslan IV and ‘Ala al-din Kayqubad II. Rukn al-Din and his party wanted to submit to the Mongols, while ‘Izz al-Din sought to organize resistance with the aid of the Turkmen of the West and in alliance with the Byzantines. Both brothers participated in a campaign against Syria under the orders of the Il-Khan Hulegu, but ‘Izz al-Din then fled to Constantinople. Qilij Arslan remained sole sultan but was put to death by Mu‘in al-Din Sulayman, the favorite of the Mongols.
Kilij Arslan IV (Arabic: Rukn al-Dīn Qilij Arslān bin Kaykhusraw; Turkish: IV. Kılıç Arslan) was Seljuq Sultan of Rûm after the death of his father Kaykhusraw II in 1246. For part of his tenure as sultan he ruled with his two brothers Kaykaus II and Kayqubad II. He was executed in 1266 by the Pervane Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman.
Qilij Arslan IV (Kilic Arslan IV) (Rukn al-Din)(Rukn al-Din Qilij Arslan bin Kaykhusraw) ( (d. 1265). One of the Rum Saljuqs. After the death of the Rum Saljuq Kaykhusraw II in 1246, the sultanate was shared jointly by his three minor sons ‘Izz al-Din Kaykawus II, Rukn al-Din Qilij Arslan IV and ‘Ala al-din Kayqubad II. Rukn al-Din and his party wanted to submit to the Mongols, while ‘Izz al-Din sought to organize resistance with the aid of the Turkmen of the West and in alliance with the Byzantines. Both brothers participated in a campaign against Syria under the orders of the Il-Khan Hulegu, but ‘Izz al-Din then fled to Constantinople. Qilij Arslan remained sole sultan but was put to death by Mu‘in al-Din Sulayman, the favorite of the Mongols.
Kilij Arslan IV (Arabic: Rukn al-Dīn Qilij Arslān bin Kaykhusraw; Turkish: IV. Kılıç Arslan) was Seljuq Sultan of Rûm after the death of his father Kaykhusraw II in 1246. For part of his tenure as sultan he ruled with his two brothers Kaykaus II and Kayqubad II. He was executed in 1266 by the Pervane Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman.
Qinalizade, Hasan Celebi
Qinalizade, Hasan Celebi (Hasan Celebi Qinalizade) (1546-1604). Ottoman scholar and biographer. His fame rests on his biographical dictionary of the Ottoman poets.
Hasan Celebi Qinalizade see Qinalizade, Hasan Celebi
Qinalizade, Hasan Celebi (Hasan Celebi Qinalizade) (1546-1604). Ottoman scholar and biographer. His fame rests on his biographical dictionary of the Ottoman poets.
Hasan Celebi Qinalizade see Qinalizade, Hasan Celebi
Qipcaqs
Qipcaqs. See Kipchaks.
Qipcaqs. See Kipchaks.
Qizil-Bash
Qizil-Bash. See Kizilbash.
Qizil-Bash. See Kizilbash.
Qoci Beg
Qoci Beg (Gorijeli Qoja Mustafa Beg). Ottoman writer of treatises on statecraft during the seventeenth century. He is famous for his memoranda to the sultans Murad IV and Ibrahim. He was also tutor to the historian Na‘ima. His best known work deals with an analysis of the causes of Ottoman decline and contains suggestions for remedies.
Gorijeli Qoja Mustafa Beg see Qoci Beg
Qoci Beg (Gorijeli Qoja Mustafa Beg). Ottoman writer of treatises on statecraft during the seventeenth century. He is famous for his memoranda to the sultans Murad IV and Ibrahim. He was also tutor to the historian Na‘ima. His best known work deals with an analysis of the causes of Ottoman decline and contains suggestions for remedies.
Gorijeli Qoja Mustafa Beg see Qoci Beg
Qozan-Oghullari
Qozan-Oghullari. Family of Derebeys in Ottoman southern Anatolia. From the beginning of the nineteenth century until 1878 they acted as virtually independent local rulers in Qozan.
Qozan-Oghullari. Family of Derebeys in Ottoman southern Anatolia. From the beginning of the nineteenth century until 1878 they acted as virtually independent local rulers in Qozan.
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