Adam (Aadam). The name of the first human creature in the creation narratives found in the Hebrew scriptures -- the Old Testament. The word "adam" may refer to the fact that this being was an “earthling” formed from the red-hued clay of the earth. Indeed, in Hebrew, "adom" means “red” and "adamah" means “earth.”
Adam is the first prophet of Islam and is mentioned in the Qur'an as the husband of Eve (Hawwa).
Adam is mentioned in the Qur'an as the first man created by Allah. A verse in Sura al-Imran states: "The similitude of Jesus before Allah is as that of Adam: He created him from dust, then said to him: 'Be' ... and he was." (3:59)
Eve is not mentioned by name in the Qur'an, but is referred to as Adam's spouse. Islamic tradition refers to her as "Hawwa," an etymologically similar name. Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari recounts the tale of her creation, stating that she was named because she was created from a living thing (since the Arabic word meaning "living" is "hayy").
The early Islamic commentator Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari adds a number of details to the Torah, based on claimed hadith as well as specific Jewish traditions (so-called isra'iliyat). Tabari records that when it came time to create Adam, God sent Gabriel (Jibril), then Michael (Mika'il), to fetch clay from the earth. However, the earth complained, saying "I take refuge in God from you, if you have come to diminish or deform me." So the angels returned empty-handed. Tabari goes on to state that God responded by sending the Angel of Death, who took clay from all regions, hence providing an explanation for the variety of appearances of the different races of mankind.
According to Tabari's account, after receiving the breath of God, Adam remained a dry body for 40 days, then gradually came to life from the head downwards, sneezing when he had finished coming to life, saying "All praise be to God, the Lord of all beings." Having been created, Adam, the first man, is described as having been given dominion over all the lower creatures, which he proceeds to name. As one of the people to whom God is said to have spoken to directly, Adam is sent as a prophet in Islam.
At this point, Adam takes a prominent role in Islamic traditions concerning the fall of Shaytan (Satan), which is not recorded in the Torah, but in the Book of Enoch which is used in Oriental Orthodox churches. In these, when God announces his intention of creating Adam, some of the angels express dismay, asking why he would create a being that would do evil. Teaching Adam the names reassures the angels as to Adam's abilities, though commentators dispute which particular names were involved; various theories say they were the names of all things animate and inanimate, the names of the angels, the names of his own descendants, or the names of God.
When God orders the angels to bow to Adam one of those present, Shaytan Iblis in Islam, a Djinn who said, "why should I bow to Adam one of those present, Shaytan Iblis in Islam, a Djinn who said "why should I bow to man, I am made of pure fire"), refuses due to his pride, and is summarily banished from the Heavens. Liberal movements within Islam have viewed God's commanding the angels to bow before Adam as an exaltation of humanity, and as a means of supporting human rights, others view it as an act of showing Adam that the biggest enemy of humans on earth will be their ego.
More extended versions of the fall of Shaytan also exist in works such as that of Tabari, and the Shi'a commentator al-Qummi. In these explanations, Iblis is sent against the jinn, who had angered God by sin and fighting. In such versions where Satan leads the battle on God's behalf, rather than his own, it is the pride and conceit resulting from his victory which results in his expulsion, since pride is seen as a sin. Islamic traditions further record that, in vengeful anger, Iblis promises God that he will lead as many humans astray as he can, to which God replies that it is the choice of humans -- those who so desire will follow Satan, while those who so desire will follow God.
Eve is referred to in the Qur'an as Adam's spouse, and Islamic tradition refers to her by an etymologically similar name Hawwa. In fact, although her creation is not recounted in the Qur'an, Tabari recounts the biblical tale of her creation, stating that she was named because she was created from a living thing (her name means living). The Torah gives an etymology for woman since she was taken out of man (ish in Hebrew). The etymology is regarded as implausible by most semitic linguists. The Qur'an blames both Adam and Eve for eating the forbidden fruit and as a punishment they were both banished from Heaven to the Earth. Muslims therefore interpret that this event does not pose a problem of women inferiority to men intrinsically. The concept of original sin does not exist in Islam. Adam and Eve were forgiven after they repented on Earth.
Al-Qummi records the opinion that Eden was not entirely earthly, and so, having been sent to earth, Adam and Eve first arrived at mountain peaks outside Mecca, Adam on Safa, and Eve on Marwa. In this Islamic tradition, Adam remained weeping for forty (40) days, until he repented, at which point God rewarded him by sending down the Kaaba, and teaching him the hajj.
The Qur'an also describes the two sons oof Adam (named Qabil and Habil in Islamic tradition) that correspond to Cain and Abel.
Eve is said in local folklore to be buried in "Eve Grave" in Jeddah, KSA.
According to some Islamic traditions, Adam is buried beneath the site of the Kaaba in Mecca. Shi'a Muslims on the other hand, believe that Adam is buried next to Ali, within Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq.
In the Qur’an, Adam appears in a number of passages. Those passages are:
Sura 2:25-35
Sura 3:30-35
Sura 3:50-60
Sura 7:10-30
Sura 19:55-60
worshipped by the angels
Sura 2:25-35
Sura 7:10-15
Sura 15:25-45
Sura 17:60-65
Sura 18:45-55
Sura 20:115-120
Sura 38:70-80
expelled from Paradise
Sura 2:25-35
Sura 7:20-30
Sura 20:120-125
children of Adam
Sura 7:25-35
Sura 7:170-175
Sura 17:70-75
Sura 36:60-65
Aadam see Adam
When God orders the angels to bow to Adam one of those present, Shaytan Iblis in Islam, a Djinn who said, "why should I bow to Adam one of those present, Shaytan Iblis in Islam, a Djinn who said "why should I bow to man, I am made of pure fire"), refuses due to his pride, and is summarily banished from the Heavens. Liberal movements within Islam have viewed God's commanding the angels to bow before Adam as an exaltation of humanity, and as a means of supporting human rights, others view it as an act of showing Adam that the biggest enemy of humans on earth will be their ego.
More extended versions of the fall of Shaytan also exist in works such as that of Tabari, and the Shi'a commentator al-Qummi. In these explanations, Iblis is sent against the jinn, who had angered God by sin and fighting. In such versions where Satan leads the battle on God's behalf, rather than his own, it is the pride and conceit resulting from his victory which results in his expulsion, since pride is seen as a sin. Islamic traditions further record that, in vengeful anger, Iblis promises God that he will lead as many humans astray as he can, to which God replies that it is the choice of humans -- those who so desire will follow Satan, while those who so desire will follow God.
Eve is referred to in the Qur'an as Adam's spouse, and Islamic tradition refers to her by an etymologically similar name Hawwa. In fact, although her creation is not recounted in the Qur'an, Tabari recounts the biblical tale of her creation, stating that she was named because she was created from a living thing (her name means living). The Torah gives an etymology for woman since she was taken out of man (ish in Hebrew). The etymology is regarded as implausible by most semitic linguists. The Qur'an blames both Adam and Eve for eating the forbidden fruit and as a punishment they were both banished from Heaven to the Earth. Muslims therefore interpret that this event does not pose a problem of women inferiority to men intrinsically. The concept of original sin does not exist in Islam. Adam and Eve were forgiven after they repented on Earth.
Al-Qummi records the opinion that Eden was not entirely earthly, and so, having been sent to earth, Adam and Eve first arrived at mountain peaks outside Mecca, Adam on Safa, and Eve on Marwa. In this Islamic tradition, Adam remained weeping for forty (40) days, until he repented, at which point God rewarded him by sending down the Kaaba, and teaching him the hajj.
The Qur'an also describes the two sons oof Adam (named Qabil and Habil in Islamic tradition) that correspond to Cain and Abel.
Eve is said in local folklore to be buried in "Eve Grave" in Jeddah, KSA.
According to some Islamic traditions, Adam is buried beneath the site of the Kaaba in Mecca. Shi'a Muslims on the other hand, believe that Adam is buried next to Ali, within Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf, Iraq.
In the Qur’an, Adam appears in a number of passages. Those passages are:
Sura 2:25-35
Sura 3:30-35
Sura 3:50-60
Sura 7:10-30
Sura 19:55-60
worshipped by the angels
Sura 2:25-35
Sura 7:10-15
Sura 15:25-45
Sura 17:60-65
Sura 18:45-55
Sura 20:115-120
Sura 38:70-80
expelled from Paradise
Sura 2:25-35
Sura 7:20-30
Sura 20:120-125
children of Adam
Sura 7:25-35
Sura 7:170-175
Sura 17:70-75
Sura 36:60-65
Aadam see Adam
Adama
Adama (1771-1848). Founder and first ruler of the Fula emirate of Adamawa (Nigeria) (r.1806 to1848). The large emirate of Adamawa was the southeasternmost district of the empire of Fula revolutionary ‘Uthman dan Fodio. Adama was the son of a Fula noble who had been killed in battle with his Bata landowners around 1803, before ‘Uthman’s call to arms. Adama had studied in Bornu and in Sokoto, ‘Uthman’s homeland, where he had earned the title of modibo (learned one). When ‘Uthman declared the jihad (holy war), Adama and leaders from his home went to him to receive the green flag indicating that they were his official representatives in the campaign. Adama at first permitted another leader to take command, but on learning of this man’s dishonesty in dealing with ‘Uthman, he went back and received a flag himself. He returned home in 1806 accompanied by a band of Fula followers and Hausa mercenaries, and spent the next forty-two years extending the emirate and putting down revolts. As with many of the other leaders of the Fula jihad, he is said to have preferred the role of scholar to warrior. He died at age seventy-seven and was succeeded by four of his sons in turn.
modibo see Adama
learned one see Adama
Adama (1771-1848). Founder and first ruler of the Fula emirate of Adamawa (Nigeria) (r.1806 to1848). The large emirate of Adamawa was the southeasternmost district of the empire of Fula revolutionary ‘Uthman dan Fodio. Adama was the son of a Fula noble who had been killed in battle with his Bata landowners around 1803, before ‘Uthman’s call to arms. Adama had studied in Bornu and in Sokoto, ‘Uthman’s homeland, where he had earned the title of modibo (learned one). When ‘Uthman declared the jihad (holy war), Adama and leaders from his home went to him to receive the green flag indicating that they were his official representatives in the campaign. Adama at first permitted another leader to take command, but on learning of this man’s dishonesty in dealing with ‘Uthman, he went back and received a flag himself. He returned home in 1806 accompanied by a band of Fula followers and Hausa mercenaries, and spent the next forty-two years extending the emirate and putting down revolts. As with many of the other leaders of the Fula jihad, he is said to have preferred the role of scholar to warrior. He died at age seventy-seven and was succeeded by four of his sons in turn.
modibo see Adama
learned one see Adama
Aden-Abyan Islamic Army
Aden-Abyan Islamic Army (AAIA). The Aden-Abyan Islamic Army is allegedly affiliated with the Yemeni Islamic Jihad and has been implicated in acts of violence with the stated goal to “hoist the banner of al-Jihad, and fight secularism in Yemen and the Arab countries.” Aden-Abyan Islamic Army leader Zein al-Abideen al-Mehdar was executed on October 19, 2001, for participating in the December 1998 kidnapping of 16 Western tourists. Four of the hostages were killed and remaining hostages were freed when Yemeni security forces attacked the place where the hostages were being held. In March 1999, the group warned the United States and British ambassadors in Yemen to leave immediately.
The Aden-Abyan Islamic Army was believed to have been involved in the 2000 USS Cole bombing in Aden.
AAIA see Aden-Abyan Islamic Army
Aden-Abyan Islamic Army (AAIA). The Aden-Abyan Islamic Army is allegedly affiliated with the Yemeni Islamic Jihad and has been implicated in acts of violence with the stated goal to “hoist the banner of al-Jihad, and fight secularism in Yemen and the Arab countries.” Aden-Abyan Islamic Army leader Zein al-Abideen al-Mehdar was executed on October 19, 2001, for participating in the December 1998 kidnapping of 16 Western tourists. Four of the hostages were killed and remaining hostages were freed when Yemeni security forces attacked the place where the hostages were being held. In March 1999, the group warned the United States and British ambassadors in Yemen to leave immediately.
The Aden-Abyan Islamic Army was believed to have been involved in the 2000 USS Cole bombing in Aden.
AAIA see Aden-Abyan Islamic Army
‘Adid li-Din Allah, al-
‘Adid li-Din Allah, al- (1151-1171). The last Fatimid caliph of Egypt (r.1160-1171). He died a few days after Saladin had the Sunni Caliph of Baghdad, al-Mustadi, proclaimed in Cairo.
‘Adid li-Din Allah, al- (1151-1171). The last Fatimid caliph of Egypt (r.1160-1171). He died a few days after Saladin had the Sunni Caliph of Baghdad, al-Mustadi, proclaimed in Cairo.
‘Adil-Shahs
‘Adil-Shahs. Muslim dynasty which ruled over Bijapur (r. 1489-1686). They were great patrons of art and literature.
The Adil Shah dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1489 to 1686. Bijapur had been a province of the Bahmani Sultanate (1347-1518), before its political decline in the last quarter of the 15th century and eventual break-up in 1518. The Bijapur Sultanate was absorbed into the Mughal Empire on September 12, 1686, after its conquest by the Emperor Aurangzeb.
‘Adil-Shahs. Muslim dynasty which ruled over Bijapur (r. 1489-1686). They were great patrons of art and literature.
The Adil Shah dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1489 to 1686. Bijapur had been a province of the Bahmani Sultanate (1347-1518), before its political decline in the last quarter of the 15th century and eventual break-up in 1518. The Bijapur Sultanate was absorbed into the Mughal Empire on September 12, 1686, after its conquest by the Emperor Aurangzeb.
Adivar, Halide Edib
Adivar, Halide Edib (Halide Edib Adivar) (Halide Edip Adivar) (1883-1964). Turkish novelist. Halide Edib Adivar was educated at the American Girls’ College, Uskudar. She was thus one of the few prominent figures of her generation to be educated in an Anglo-Saxon rather than in a French environment.
Halide Edip Adivar was a Turkish novelist and feminist political leader. Best known for her novels criticizing the low social status of Turkish women and what she saw as the disinterest of most women in changing their situation, she also served as a soldier in the Turkish military during the Turkish War of Independence. As follower of Young Turkish politics, she participated in the re-education of Armenian Genocide orphans in 1916 in Lebanon.
Halide Edip was born in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, as a girl, she studied Arabic and mathematics, and graduated from the American College for Girls in 1901. The college was an influential force for reformist social change at the time. Halide Edip Adivar was only 15 years old in 1897 and translated Mother by Jacob Abbott and was awarded by Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II with The Order of Charity (Nishan-i-Shafakat/Sefkat Nisani).
With her first husban, Salih Zeki, she had two children before they divorced.
Halide Edip's first novel, Seviye Talip, was published in 1909. She remarried, to Adnan Adivar, in 1917, and the next year took a job as a lecturer in literature at Istanbul's Faculty of Letters. It was during this time that she became increasingly active in Turkey's nationalist movement.
As Young Turkish headmaster she re-educated Armenian orphans in 1916. After the end of World War I, she and her husband travelled to Anatolia to fight in the War for Independence. She served first as a corporal and then as a sergeant in the nationalist military.
After the fighting ended, she and her husband moved to Western Europe. The would live in the French Third Republic and the United Kingdom from 1926 to 1939. She travelled widely, teaching and lecturing repeatedly in the United States and in British Raj India. After returning to Turkey in 1939, she became a professor in English literature at the Faculty of Letters in Istanbul. In 1950, she was elected to Parliament, resigning in 1954; this was the only formal political position she ever held.
Common themes in Halide Edip's novels were strong, independent female characters who succeeded in reaching their goals against strong opposition. She was also a strong Turkish nationalist, and several stories highlighted the central role of women in the fight for Turkish Independence.
Adivar became known as an ardent patriot and feminist because of her impetuous political novels, Yeni Turan and Khandan. Yeni Turan and Khandan were both published in 1912. After World War I, Adivar and her husband, the scholar Adnan Adivar, joined Mustafa Kemal in Anatolia and worked devotedly for the nationalist cause. Adivar’s experiences at this time produced the novel Atesten Gomlek (The Daughter of Smyrna) which was published in 1922.
After Turkey became a republic, Adivar and her husband lived abroad. They lived in France, England, the United States and even India.
In 1938, Adivar and her husband returned to Turkey and Adivar became Professor of English Literature at the University of Istanbul.
During her years away from Turkey, Adivar wrote two books of reminiscences, Memoirs of Halide Edib and The Turkish Ordeal. Memoirs of Halide Edib was published in 1926 and covered Adivar’s life through 1918. The Turkish Edib was published in 1928 and dealt with Adivar’s experiences during the Turkish War of Independence. Both Memoirs of Halide Edib and The Turkish Ordeal provide invaluable glimpses into the Turkey of those years as seen through the eyes of a Western educated Turkish patriot who was also a woman.
One other notable work by Adivar was The Clown and his Daughter. The Clown and his Daughter was published in 1935 and examined Istanbul life at the turn of the century and the tension between the Western and Islamic outlooks.
Halide Edib Adivar see Adivar, Halide Edib
Halide Edip Adivar see Adivar, Halide Edib
Adivar, Halide Edib (Halide Edib Adivar) (Halide Edip Adivar) (1883-1964). Turkish novelist. Halide Edib Adivar was educated at the American Girls’ College, Uskudar. She was thus one of the few prominent figures of her generation to be educated in an Anglo-Saxon rather than in a French environment.
Halide Edip Adivar was a Turkish novelist and feminist political leader. Best known for her novels criticizing the low social status of Turkish women and what she saw as the disinterest of most women in changing their situation, she also served as a soldier in the Turkish military during the Turkish War of Independence. As follower of Young Turkish politics, she participated in the re-education of Armenian Genocide orphans in 1916 in Lebanon.
Halide Edip was born in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, as a girl, she studied Arabic and mathematics, and graduated from the American College for Girls in 1901. The college was an influential force for reformist social change at the time. Halide Edip Adivar was only 15 years old in 1897 and translated Mother by Jacob Abbott and was awarded by Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II with The Order of Charity (Nishan-i-Shafakat/Sefkat Nisani).
With her first husban, Salih Zeki, she had two children before they divorced.
Halide Edip's first novel, Seviye Talip, was published in 1909. She remarried, to Adnan Adivar, in 1917, and the next year took a job as a lecturer in literature at Istanbul's Faculty of Letters. It was during this time that she became increasingly active in Turkey's nationalist movement.
As Young Turkish headmaster she re-educated Armenian orphans in 1916. After the end of World War I, she and her husband travelled to Anatolia to fight in the War for Independence. She served first as a corporal and then as a sergeant in the nationalist military.
After the fighting ended, she and her husband moved to Western Europe. The would live in the French Third Republic and the United Kingdom from 1926 to 1939. She travelled widely, teaching and lecturing repeatedly in the United States and in British Raj India. After returning to Turkey in 1939, she became a professor in English literature at the Faculty of Letters in Istanbul. In 1950, she was elected to Parliament, resigning in 1954; this was the only formal political position she ever held.
Common themes in Halide Edip's novels were strong, independent female characters who succeeded in reaching their goals against strong opposition. She was also a strong Turkish nationalist, and several stories highlighted the central role of women in the fight for Turkish Independence.
Adivar became known as an ardent patriot and feminist because of her impetuous political novels, Yeni Turan and Khandan. Yeni Turan and Khandan were both published in 1912. After World War I, Adivar and her husband, the scholar Adnan Adivar, joined Mustafa Kemal in Anatolia and worked devotedly for the nationalist cause. Adivar’s experiences at this time produced the novel Atesten Gomlek (The Daughter of Smyrna) which was published in 1922.
After Turkey became a republic, Adivar and her husband lived abroad. They lived in France, England, the United States and even India.
In 1938, Adivar and her husband returned to Turkey and Adivar became Professor of English Literature at the University of Istanbul.
During her years away from Turkey, Adivar wrote two books of reminiscences, Memoirs of Halide Edib and The Turkish Ordeal. Memoirs of Halide Edib was published in 1926 and covered Adivar’s life through 1918. The Turkish Edib was published in 1928 and dealt with Adivar’s experiences during the Turkish War of Independence. Both Memoirs of Halide Edib and The Turkish Ordeal provide invaluable glimpses into the Turkey of those years as seen through the eyes of a Western educated Turkish patriot who was also a woman.
One other notable work by Adivar was The Clown and his Daughter. The Clown and his Daughter was published in 1935 and examined Istanbul life at the turn of the century and the tension between the Western and Islamic outlooks.
Halide Edib Adivar see Adivar, Halide Edib
Halide Edip Adivar see Adivar, Halide Edib
Adli Yakan
Adli Yakan (Adli Yakan Pasha) (Adly Pasha) (January 18, 1864 - October 22, 1933). The great grandnephew of Muhammad Ali Pasha, Adli Yakan was Egypt’s Prime Minister in 1921. He served as Prime Minister of Egypt between 1921 and 1922, again between 1926 and 1927, and finally in 1929. He held several prominent political posts including Foreign Minister, Interior Minister and Speaker of the Senate. He died in Paris, France.
Yakan, Adli see Adli Yakan
Adli Yakan Pasha see Adli Yakan
Adly Pasha see Adli Yakan
Adli Yakan (Adli Yakan Pasha) (Adly Pasha) (January 18, 1864 - October 22, 1933). The great grandnephew of Muhammad Ali Pasha, Adli Yakan was Egypt’s Prime Minister in 1921. He served as Prime Minister of Egypt between 1921 and 1922, again between 1926 and 1927, and finally in 1929. He held several prominent political posts including Foreign Minister, Interior Minister and Speaker of the Senate. He died in Paris, France.
Yakan, Adli see Adli Yakan
Adli Yakan Pasha see Adli Yakan
Adly Pasha see Adli Yakan
‘Adnan
‘Adnan. The name of the ancestor of the Northern Arabs, the Adnani (Neo-Arabs), as opposed to the Qahtani of Southern Arabia who descend from Qahtan. Adnan is said to be a descendant of Ishmael through his son Nebaioth. His descendants are said to have included Muhammad.
‘Adnan. The name of the ancestor of the Northern Arabs, the Adnani (Neo-Arabs), as opposed to the Qahtani of Southern Arabia who descend from Qahtan. Adnan is said to be a descendant of Ishmael through his son Nebaioth. His descendants are said to have included Muhammad.
Adonis
Adonis (Adunis) ('Ali Ahmad Sa'id Asbar) (b. 1930). Syrian poet.
Adonis was born in Kassabin (Al Qassabin), near Latakia, Syria, into an Alawite family. From an early age, he worked in the fields, but his father regularly had him memorize poetry, and he began to compose poems of his own. In 1947, he had the opportunity to recite a poem for Syrian president Shukri al-Kuwatli, that led to a series of scholarships, first to a school in Latakia and then to the Syrian University in Damascus, where he received a degree in Philosophy in 1954.
'Ali Ahmad picked the name Adonis for himself after being rejected by a number of magazines under his real name. In 1955, he was imprisoned for six months for being a member of the radical pan-Syrian Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Following his release from prison in 1956, he settled in Beirut, Lebanon, where in 1957 he and Syro-Lebanese poet Yusuf al-Khal founded the magazine Shi'r (Shiar) ("Poetry"). At this time, he abandoned Syrian nationalism in favor of pan-Arabism. He also became a less political writer.
Adonis received a scholarship to study in Paris from 1960 to 1961. From 1970 to 1975, he was professor of Arabic literature at the University of Lebanon. In 1976, he was a visiting professor at the University of Damascus. In 1980, he emigrated to Paris to escape the Lebanese Civil War. In 1980-1981, he was professor of Arabic at the Sorbonne in Paris.
From 1957 to 1963, Adonis co-edited the literary magazine, Shiar. In 1967, following the Six Day War, which shaked the entire Arab world, much interest was given to Adonis and his poems, which depicted a hope in the future.
From 1968 to 1978, Adonis published the magazine Mawaqif.
Adonis is considered to be among the most important modern Arab poets. Using the basis of traditional poetic styles, he developed a new manner of expressing modern sentiments. Adonis was influenced by classical Shi‘a poets, but started at a relatively early age (his twenties) to experiment with the prose poem, giving it density, tension, metaphors and rhythm. He also broke with the diction and style of traditional poems, and introduced a new and powerful syntax. He used myths from older religions, where the resurrecting gods of Tammuz, Adonis and Phoenix were central symbols.
Similar to most other poets using the Arabic language, Adonis employs the technique of tarab. Tarab aims at a sort of ecstasy reached when the musicality of the verse corresponds with the visions and thoughts expressed in the poem.
Adonis has written over twenty books in his native Arabic. The works of Adonis include Songs of Mihyar, the Damascene (1961); Introduction of Arab Poetry (1971); The Shock of Modernity (1978); and Manifesto of Modernity (1980). Several of his poetry collections have been translated into English.
Adonis is today considered to be a pioneer of modern Arabic poetry. He is often seen as a rebel, an iconoclast who follows his own rules. He was considered to be a candidate for the 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature. However, the awards went to British playwright Harold Pinter, Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk, British novelist Doris Lessing and French novelist J. M. G. Le Clezio.
In 2007, Adonis was awarded the Bjornson Prize.
'Ali Ahmad Sa'id Asbar see Adonis
Asbar, 'Ali Ahmad Sa'id see Adonis
Adunis see Adonis
Adonis (Adunis) ('Ali Ahmad Sa'id Asbar) (b. 1930). Syrian poet.
Adonis was born in Kassabin (Al Qassabin), near Latakia, Syria, into an Alawite family. From an early age, he worked in the fields, but his father regularly had him memorize poetry, and he began to compose poems of his own. In 1947, he had the opportunity to recite a poem for Syrian president Shukri al-Kuwatli, that led to a series of scholarships, first to a school in Latakia and then to the Syrian University in Damascus, where he received a degree in Philosophy in 1954.
'Ali Ahmad picked the name Adonis for himself after being rejected by a number of magazines under his real name. In 1955, he was imprisoned for six months for being a member of the radical pan-Syrian Syrian Social Nationalist Party. Following his release from prison in 1956, he settled in Beirut, Lebanon, where in 1957 he and Syro-Lebanese poet Yusuf al-Khal founded the magazine Shi'r (Shiar) ("Poetry"). At this time, he abandoned Syrian nationalism in favor of pan-Arabism. He also became a less political writer.
Adonis received a scholarship to study in Paris from 1960 to 1961. From 1970 to 1975, he was professor of Arabic literature at the University of Lebanon. In 1976, he was a visiting professor at the University of Damascus. In 1980, he emigrated to Paris to escape the Lebanese Civil War. In 1980-1981, he was professor of Arabic at the Sorbonne in Paris.
From 1957 to 1963, Adonis co-edited the literary magazine, Shiar. In 1967, following the Six Day War, which shaked the entire Arab world, much interest was given to Adonis and his poems, which depicted a hope in the future.
From 1968 to 1978, Adonis published the magazine Mawaqif.
Adonis is considered to be among the most important modern Arab poets. Using the basis of traditional poetic styles, he developed a new manner of expressing modern sentiments. Adonis was influenced by classical Shi‘a poets, but started at a relatively early age (his twenties) to experiment with the prose poem, giving it density, tension, metaphors and rhythm. He also broke with the diction and style of traditional poems, and introduced a new and powerful syntax. He used myths from older religions, where the resurrecting gods of Tammuz, Adonis and Phoenix were central symbols.
Similar to most other poets using the Arabic language, Adonis employs the technique of tarab. Tarab aims at a sort of ecstasy reached when the musicality of the verse corresponds with the visions and thoughts expressed in the poem.
Adonis has written over twenty books in his native Arabic. The works of Adonis include Songs of Mihyar, the Damascene (1961); Introduction of Arab Poetry (1971); The Shock of Modernity (1978); and Manifesto of Modernity (1980). Several of his poetry collections have been translated into English.
Adonis is today considered to be a pioneer of modern Arabic poetry. He is often seen as a rebel, an iconoclast who follows his own rules. He was considered to be a candidate for the 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008 Nobel Prize in Literature. However, the awards went to British playwright Harold Pinter, Turkish novelist Orhan Pamuk, British novelist Doris Lessing and French novelist J. M. G. Le Clezio.
In 2007, Adonis was awarded the Bjornson Prize.
'Ali Ahmad Sa'id Asbar see Adonis
Asbar, 'Ali Ahmad Sa'id see Adonis
Adunis see Adonis
‘Adud al-Dawla
‘Adud al-Dawla ('Adud al-Daula) (Azod od-Dowleh Fana Khusraw) (September 24, 936 - March 26, 983). The greatest emir of the Buyid dynasty (r. 949-983). He ruled in Iraq and Iran, and was a builder and patron of the learned, and of poets.
The son of Rukn al-Dawla, Fana Khusrau was given the title of 'Adud al-Dawla by the 'Abbasid caliph in 948 when he was made emir of Fars after the death of his childless uncle 'Imad al-Dawla, after which Rukn al-Dawla became the senior emir of the Buwayhids. In 974, 'Adud al-Dawla was sent by his father to crush a rebellion by his cousin 'Izz al-Dawla. After defeating his cousin's forces, he claimed the emirate of Iraq for himself, angering his father, though he would become the senior emir after the death of his father.
'Adud al-Dawla became emir of Iraq while the capital of Baghdad was suffering from violence and instability owing to sectarian conflict. In order to bring peace and stability to the city, he ordered the banning of public demonstrations and polemics. At the same time, he patronized a number of Shi'a scholars such as al-Mufid, and he sponsored the renovation of a number of important Shi'a shrines.
In addition, 'Adud al-Dawla is credited with sponsoring and patronizing other scientific projects during his time. An observatory was built on his orders in Isfahan where Azophi worked. Al-Muqaddasi also reports of a great dam be built under his orders between Shiraz, Iran and Istakhr in 960. The dam irrigated some 300 villages in Fars province and became known as Band-i Amir.
'Adud al-Dawla also founded the Bimaristan-i Adhudi (Al-Adudi Hospital) which is where the great Rhazes spent his last days practicing medicine.
'Adud al-Dawla died in 983 and is buried in Najaf.
Dawla, 'Adud al- see ‘Adud al-Dawla
Azod od-Dowleh Fana Khusraw see ‘Adud al-Dawla
'Adud al-Daula see ‘Adud al-Dawla
‘Adud al-Dawla ('Adud al-Daula) (Azod od-Dowleh Fana Khusraw) (September 24, 936 - March 26, 983). The greatest emir of the Buyid dynasty (r. 949-983). He ruled in Iraq and Iran, and was a builder and patron of the learned, and of poets.
The son of Rukn al-Dawla, Fana Khusrau was given the title of 'Adud al-Dawla by the 'Abbasid caliph in 948 when he was made emir of Fars after the death of his childless uncle 'Imad al-Dawla, after which Rukn al-Dawla became the senior emir of the Buwayhids. In 974, 'Adud al-Dawla was sent by his father to crush a rebellion by his cousin 'Izz al-Dawla. After defeating his cousin's forces, he claimed the emirate of Iraq for himself, angering his father, though he would become the senior emir after the death of his father.
'Adud al-Dawla became emir of Iraq while the capital of Baghdad was suffering from violence and instability owing to sectarian conflict. In order to bring peace and stability to the city, he ordered the banning of public demonstrations and polemics. At the same time, he patronized a number of Shi'a scholars such as al-Mufid, and he sponsored the renovation of a number of important Shi'a shrines.
In addition, 'Adud al-Dawla is credited with sponsoring and patronizing other scientific projects during his time. An observatory was built on his orders in Isfahan where Azophi worked. Al-Muqaddasi also reports of a great dam be built under his orders between Shiraz, Iran and Istakhr in 960. The dam irrigated some 300 villages in Fars province and became known as Band-i Amir.
'Adud al-Dawla also founded the Bimaristan-i Adhudi (Al-Adudi Hospital) which is where the great Rhazes spent his last days practicing medicine.
'Adud al-Dawla died in 983 and is buried in Najaf.
Dawla, 'Adud al- see ‘Adud al-Dawla
Azod od-Dowleh Fana Khusraw see ‘Adud al-Dawla
'Adud al-Daula see ‘Adud al-Dawla
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