Maghili, Muhammad al-
Maghili, Muhammad al- (Muhammad al-Maghili) (Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Maghili) (c. 1440-1503/1505). Reformist jurisconsult of Tlemcen. He is chiefly known for his persecution of the Jewish community of Tuwat (Touat) in the Algerian Sahara and for the advice he gave to Sudanic rulers.
Muhammad al-Maghili was an Islamic scholar from Tlemcen, a Saharan city situated in modern-day Algeria. Maghili led a campaign to expel the city's Jewish community, which had migrated there after the Roman sack of Jerusalem. He was successful, many of the Jews were massacred by his followers. He also served as an advisor for Muhammad Rumfa, emir of the Hausa city-state Kano, and wrote a treatise on government, On the Obligations of Princes.
Muhammad al-Maghili see Maghili, Muhammad al-
Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Maghili see Maghili, Muhammad al-
Muhammad al-Maghili was an Islamic scholar from Tlemcen, a Saharan city situated in modern-day Algeria. Maghili led a campaign to expel the city's Jewish community, which had migrated there after the Roman sack of Jerusalem. He was successful, many of the Jews were massacred by his followers. He also served as an advisor for Muhammad Rumfa, emir of the Hausa city-state Kano, and wrote a treatise on government, On the Obligations of Princes.
Muhammad al-Maghili see Maghili, Muhammad al-
Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Maghili see Maghili, Muhammad al-
Maghrawa
Maghrawa (Magrawa). Major confederation of Berber tribes in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, belonging to the Butr groups and forming the most powerful branch of the family of the Zanata.
The Maghrawa, a tribe of Zanata Berbers, were one of the first Berber tribes to submit to Islam in the 7th century. They supported Uqba ibn Nafi on his campaign to the Atlantic in 683. They were Kharijites from the 8th century, and allied first with the Idrisids, and, from the tenth century onwards, with the Umayyads of Cordoba. As a result, they were caught up in the victory over the allies of the Fatimids in 924, and soon became allied with them themselves. When they switched back to the side of Cordoba, they were driven out of central Morocco by the Zirids, who ruled on behalf of the Fatimids. In 980, however, they were able to drive the Miknasa out of Sijilmasa.
Under Ziri ibn Atiyya (to 1001) the Maghrawa achieved supremacy in Fez under Umayyad suzerainty and expanded their territory at the expense of the Banu Ifran. A revolt against the Andalusian Umayyads was put down by Al-Mansur (Abi Amir), although the Maghrawa were able to regain power in Fez. Under the succeeding rulers al-Muizz (1001-1026), Hamman (1026-1039), and Dunas (1039), the Maghrawa consolidated their rule in northern and central Morocco. However, internal power struggles after 1060 enabled the Almoravids to conquer the Maghrawa in 1070 and put an end to their rule.
The dynastic tree of the Maghrawa tribe reads as follows:
* Mohamed Ibn Al Khayr 970.
* Attia 986 - 988.
o Ziri ibn Atiyya 989 - 1001.
+ El Moez Ibn Attia 1001 - 1026.
# Hammama Ibn El Moez 1026 - 1033 and 1038 - 1040.
*
o Abou Attaf Donas Ibn Hamama 1040 - 1059.
+ Fotoh Ibn Donas 1059 - 1062.
# Ajissa Ibn Donas 1059 - 1061.
* Muanneser 1065.
o Temim de 1067 - 1068.
Magrawa see Maghrawa
Maghrawa (Magrawa). Major confederation of Berber tribes in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, belonging to the Butr groups and forming the most powerful branch of the family of the Zanata.
The Maghrawa, a tribe of Zanata Berbers, were one of the first Berber tribes to submit to Islam in the 7th century. They supported Uqba ibn Nafi on his campaign to the Atlantic in 683. They were Kharijites from the 8th century, and allied first with the Idrisids, and, from the tenth century onwards, with the Umayyads of Cordoba. As a result, they were caught up in the victory over the allies of the Fatimids in 924, and soon became allied with them themselves. When they switched back to the side of Cordoba, they were driven out of central Morocco by the Zirids, who ruled on behalf of the Fatimids. In 980, however, they were able to drive the Miknasa out of Sijilmasa.
Under Ziri ibn Atiyya (to 1001) the Maghrawa achieved supremacy in Fez under Umayyad suzerainty and expanded their territory at the expense of the Banu Ifran. A revolt against the Andalusian Umayyads was put down by Al-Mansur (Abi Amir), although the Maghrawa were able to regain power in Fez. Under the succeeding rulers al-Muizz (1001-1026), Hamman (1026-1039), and Dunas (1039), the Maghrawa consolidated their rule in northern and central Morocco. However, internal power struggles after 1060 enabled the Almoravids to conquer the Maghrawa in 1070 and put an end to their rule.
The dynastic tree of the Maghrawa tribe reads as follows:
* Mohamed Ibn Al Khayr 970.
* Attia 986 - 988.
o Ziri ibn Atiyya 989 - 1001.
+ El Moez Ibn Attia 1001 - 1026.
# Hammama Ibn El Moez 1026 - 1033 and 1038 - 1040.
*
o Abou Attaf Donas Ibn Hamama 1040 - 1059.
+ Fotoh Ibn Donas 1059 - 1062.
# Ajissa Ibn Donas 1059 - 1061.
* Muanneser 1065.
o Temim de 1067 - 1068.
Magrawa see Maghrawa
Maghribi, Banu al-
Maghribi, Banu al- (Banu al-Maghribi). Family of Persian origin that performed, during the tenth and eleventh centuries, influential functions at several princely courts in Baghdad, Aleppo, Cairo, Mosul and Mayyafariqin.
Banu al-Maghribi see Maghribi, Banu al-
Maghribi, Banu al- (Banu al-Maghribi). Family of Persian origin that performed, during the tenth and eleventh centuries, influential functions at several princely courts in Baghdad, Aleppo, Cairo, Mosul and Mayyafariqin.
Banu al-Maghribi see Maghribi, Banu al-
Maguindanao
Maguindanao. The Maguindanao are the largest Muslim ethnic group in the Philippines. They are approximately 1.7 percent of the population. Nearly all live in the province of Cotabato on the large southern island of Mindanao. The conversion of the Maguindanao and other nearby peoples from animism to Islam is shrouded in legend. Traditional accounts attribute their conversion to the teachings of Sarip Kabungsuwan (Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan), a Muslim prince of Johore (Malay peninsula) who claimed direct descent from the Prophet Muhammad. Kabungsuwan is said to have arrived at Mindanao around 1500 accompanied by a small group of Sama warriors. Legends persist that through a combination of his wisdom, the force of his personality and the great appeal of his message Kabungsuwan was able to win converts peacefully. The accuracy of these legends remains unknown, but it is interesting that both the Maranao and Maguindanao families of higher rank trace their genealogical descent from Sarip Kabungsuwan.
Tradition holds that the Malay prince assumed the local title datu, which may be loosely translated as lord or chieftain. His direct successors, however, were known as sulutan (sultan). At times, there were several sultanates in Cotabato. A sulutan was advised and supported by a council of datus known as the ruma bechara, which played a significant role in the selection of an heir to the sultanate. Numerous military and civilian posts associated with the sultanate were often held by relatives of the sulutan.
The joint processes of Islamic conversion and political consolidation early in the sixteenth century appear to have initiated an expansionist phase in Maguindanao history. The Maguindanao controlled most of the trade between the sea coast and the interior of Mindanao, and at various times they dominated most of the southern part of the island from the Zamboanga peninsula on the west to the coast of Davao on the east. The powerful Muslim lowlanders were able to exact tribute and taxes from the pagan hill tribes and often took slaves from among these peoples.
When the Spanish began to colonize the northern and central Philippine islands from 1565 onward, they came into direct conflict with the Maguindanao and other Muslim people of the south. The Spaniards identified the Islamized natives with their traditional enemies, the Moors of North Africa, and thus called them Moros, a term which is now regarded as derogatory and is resented by contemporary Muslim Filipinos. Spanish attempts to conquer and subjugate these Muslims led to the prolonged, although intermittent, hostilities known as the Moro Wars, which spanned more than 300 years of Philippine history. In the notorious tradition of divide and conquer, the Spanish manned their armies for these wars with Christian converts from the northern islands. This was to have profound and lasting consequences, for it led to a bitter enmity between Christian and Muslim Filipinos, even though these peoples probably shared a similar cultural heritage in pre-Islamic, pre-Christian times.
The Spanish never fully subdued the Maguindanao, although they were able to contain them from about 1850 until the end of their colonial rule in 1898. The Americans finally ended major armed resistance in Cotabato with the defeat of the Muslim hero Datu Ali in 1905. From that time on, the major effort of the American colonial government, and later the Philippine government, was to integrate the Maguindanao into the rest of the nation politically and to encourage resettlement in Cotabato by non-Muslim Filipinos.
The political future of the Maguindanao and other Muslim peoples of Mindanao and Sulu has remained uncertain for several years. A secessionist movement which came to be known as the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) emerged in the early 1970s and became militarily active after the declaration of martial law in 1972. The armed conflict between MNLF forces and government troops caused considerable social disruption in Cotabato and elsewhere during the 1970s and into the 1980s. Like the Spanish and American colonial governments, the Philippine government experienced difficulty in bringing lasting peace to this region and ensuring harmonious relations among its numerous ethnic groups, including the Maguindanao.
Moros see Maguindanao.
Maguindanao. The Maguindanao are the largest Muslim ethnic group in the Philippines. They are approximately 1.7 percent of the population. Nearly all live in the province of Cotabato on the large southern island of Mindanao. The conversion of the Maguindanao and other nearby peoples from animism to Islam is shrouded in legend. Traditional accounts attribute their conversion to the teachings of Sarip Kabungsuwan (Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan), a Muslim prince of Johore (Malay peninsula) who claimed direct descent from the Prophet Muhammad. Kabungsuwan is said to have arrived at Mindanao around 1500 accompanied by a small group of Sama warriors. Legends persist that through a combination of his wisdom, the force of his personality and the great appeal of his message Kabungsuwan was able to win converts peacefully. The accuracy of these legends remains unknown, but it is interesting that both the Maranao and Maguindanao families of higher rank trace their genealogical descent from Sarip Kabungsuwan.
Tradition holds that the Malay prince assumed the local title datu, which may be loosely translated as lord or chieftain. His direct successors, however, were known as sulutan (sultan). At times, there were several sultanates in Cotabato. A sulutan was advised and supported by a council of datus known as the ruma bechara, which played a significant role in the selection of an heir to the sultanate. Numerous military and civilian posts associated with the sultanate were often held by relatives of the sulutan.
The joint processes of Islamic conversion and political consolidation early in the sixteenth century appear to have initiated an expansionist phase in Maguindanao history. The Maguindanao controlled most of the trade between the sea coast and the interior of Mindanao, and at various times they dominated most of the southern part of the island from the Zamboanga peninsula on the west to the coast of Davao on the east. The powerful Muslim lowlanders were able to exact tribute and taxes from the pagan hill tribes and often took slaves from among these peoples.
When the Spanish began to colonize the northern and central Philippine islands from 1565 onward, they came into direct conflict with the Maguindanao and other Muslim people of the south. The Spaniards identified the Islamized natives with their traditional enemies, the Moors of North Africa, and thus called them Moros, a term which is now regarded as derogatory and is resented by contemporary Muslim Filipinos. Spanish attempts to conquer and subjugate these Muslims led to the prolonged, although intermittent, hostilities known as the Moro Wars, which spanned more than 300 years of Philippine history. In the notorious tradition of divide and conquer, the Spanish manned their armies for these wars with Christian converts from the northern islands. This was to have profound and lasting consequences, for it led to a bitter enmity between Christian and Muslim Filipinos, even though these peoples probably shared a similar cultural heritage in pre-Islamic, pre-Christian times.
The Spanish never fully subdued the Maguindanao, although they were able to contain them from about 1850 until the end of their colonial rule in 1898. The Americans finally ended major armed resistance in Cotabato with the defeat of the Muslim hero Datu Ali in 1905. From that time on, the major effort of the American colonial government, and later the Philippine government, was to integrate the Maguindanao into the rest of the nation politically and to encourage resettlement in Cotabato by non-Muslim Filipinos.
The political future of the Maguindanao and other Muslim peoples of Mindanao and Sulu has remained uncertain for several years. A secessionist movement which came to be known as the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) emerged in the early 1970s and became militarily active after the declaration of martial law in 1972. The armed conflict between MNLF forces and government troops caused considerable social disruption in Cotabato and elsewhere during the 1970s and into the 1980s. Like the Spanish and American colonial governments, the Philippine government experienced difficulty in bringing lasting peace to this region and ensuring harmonious relations among its numerous ethnic groups, including the Maguindanao.
Moros see Maguindanao.
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