Carmathians
Carmathians (in Arabic, Qarmati; in plural form, Qaramita). Name given to the adherents of a branch of the Isma‘iliyya. The central theme of the rebellion of Hamdan Qarmat and his brother-in-law ‘Abdan against Isma‘ili leadership in 899 was that the appearance of the Mahdi Muhammad ibn Isma‘il, the seventh Imam and seventh messenger of God, was at hand, ending the era of the Prophet, the sixth messenger.
The term Carmathians was generally used for those Isma‘ili groups which joined the revolt and repudiated the claim to the Imamate of ‘Ubayd Allah, the later Fatimid Caliph al-Mahdi. Their missionaries were active in Syria, Bahrain, Yemen, Khurasan and Transoxiana but lacked united leadership.
In the first decade of the tenth century, the Carmathian movement appears to have regained its ideological unity. Damascus was subdued, and Hamat, Ma‘arrat al-Nu‘man, Baalbek and Salamiyya were sacked before the ‘Abbasid troops, sent against them, were victorious in 906. In 923, the Carmathians of Bahrain, under the leadership of the Abu Tahir al-Jannabi began a series of devastating campaigns in southern Iraq. In 930, they conquered Mecca during the pilgrimage, committed a barbarous slaughter of the pilgrims and the inhabitants and carried off the Black Stone of the Ka‘ba. In 951, Abu Tahir’s brothers returned the Black Stone for a high sum paid by the ‘Abbasid government, having rejected an earlier offer by the Fatimid Caliph al-Mansur bi-‘llah.
The fourth Fatimid Caliph al-Mu‘izz succeeded in regaining partly the support of the dissident Isma‘ili communities, but failed to win the allegiance of the Carmathians of Bahrain, who clashed openly with them. Towards the end of the tenth century of the Christian calendar, the Carmathian state declined and, outside Bahrain, their communities were rapidly absorbed into Fatimid Isma‘ilism or disintegrated. In 1077, a definite end was put to the Carmathian reign in Bahrain.
The Carmathians (Arabic: "Those Who Wrote in Small Letters"; also transliterated "Qarmatians", "Qarmathians", "Karmathians") were a millenarian Ismaili group centered in eastern Arabia, where they established a utopian republic in 899 C.C. They are most famed for their revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate and particularly with their seizure of the Black Stone from Mecca and desecration of the Well of Zamzam with Muslim corpses during the Hajj season of 930 C.C.
The Carmathians were also known as "the Greengrocers" (al-Baqliyyah) because of their strict vegetarian habits.
Qarmati see Carmathians
Qaramita see Carmathians
Qarmathians see Carmathians
Qarmatians see Carmathians
Karmathians see Carmathians
"Those Who Wrote in Small Letters" see Carmathians
Carmathians (in Arabic, Qarmati; in plural form, Qaramita). Name given to the adherents of a branch of the Isma‘iliyya. The central theme of the rebellion of Hamdan Qarmat and his brother-in-law ‘Abdan against Isma‘ili leadership in 899 was that the appearance of the Mahdi Muhammad ibn Isma‘il, the seventh Imam and seventh messenger of God, was at hand, ending the era of the Prophet, the sixth messenger.
The term Carmathians was generally used for those Isma‘ili groups which joined the revolt and repudiated the claim to the Imamate of ‘Ubayd Allah, the later Fatimid Caliph al-Mahdi. Their missionaries were active in Syria, Bahrain, Yemen, Khurasan and Transoxiana but lacked united leadership.
In the first decade of the tenth century, the Carmathian movement appears to have regained its ideological unity. Damascus was subdued, and Hamat, Ma‘arrat al-Nu‘man, Baalbek and Salamiyya were sacked before the ‘Abbasid troops, sent against them, were victorious in 906. In 923, the Carmathians of Bahrain, under the leadership of the Abu Tahir al-Jannabi began a series of devastating campaigns in southern Iraq. In 930, they conquered Mecca during the pilgrimage, committed a barbarous slaughter of the pilgrims and the inhabitants and carried off the Black Stone of the Ka‘ba. In 951, Abu Tahir’s brothers returned the Black Stone for a high sum paid by the ‘Abbasid government, having rejected an earlier offer by the Fatimid Caliph al-Mansur bi-‘llah.
The fourth Fatimid Caliph al-Mu‘izz succeeded in regaining partly the support of the dissident Isma‘ili communities, but failed to win the allegiance of the Carmathians of Bahrain, who clashed openly with them. Towards the end of the tenth century of the Christian calendar, the Carmathian state declined and, outside Bahrain, their communities were rapidly absorbed into Fatimid Isma‘ilism or disintegrated. In 1077, a definite end was put to the Carmathian reign in Bahrain.
The Carmathians (Arabic: "Those Who Wrote in Small Letters"; also transliterated "Qarmatians", "Qarmathians", "Karmathians") were a millenarian Ismaili group centered in eastern Arabia, where they established a utopian republic in 899 C.C. They are most famed for their revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate and particularly with their seizure of the Black Stone from Mecca and desecration of the Well of Zamzam with Muslim corpses during the Hajj season of 930 C.C.
The Carmathians were also known as "the Greengrocers" (al-Baqliyyah) because of their strict vegetarian habits.
Qarmati see Carmathians
Qaramita see Carmathians
Qarmathians see Carmathians
Qarmatians see Carmathians
Karmathians see Carmathians
"Those Who Wrote in Small Letters" see Carmathians
Carmo
Carmo (Etesbao do Carmo) (Estebao do Carmo) (Estevao do Carmo). Black slave leader of the black community in Bahia, Brazil, who, around 1835, led an uprising of Muslim Hausa blacks in that city. He was an alufa and attained great influence among his own people.
Etesbao do Carmo see Carmo
Estebao do Carmo see Carmo
Estevao do Carmo see Carmo
Carmo, Etesbao do see Carmo
Carmo, Estebao do see Carmo
Carmo, Estevao do see Carmo
Carmo (Etesbao do Carmo) (Estebao do Carmo) (Estevao do Carmo). Black slave leader of the black community in Bahia, Brazil, who, around 1835, led an uprising of Muslim Hausa blacks in that city. He was an alufa and attained great influence among his own people.
Etesbao do Carmo see Carmo
Estebao do Carmo see Carmo
Estevao do Carmo see Carmo
Carmo, Etesbao do see Carmo
Carmo, Estebao do see Carmo
Carmo, Estevao do see Carmo
No comments:
Post a Comment